Which of the following was a key factor in the Ottoman Empire's expansion during the 15th and 16th centuries?

• The use of gunpowder weapons and an elite military corps, the Janissaries

• A strong naval tradition that allowed for the conquest of the Americas

• A reliance on decentralized feudal rule

• An alliance with the Safavid Empire to counter European threats

The Safavid Empire was unique among early modern land-based empires because it

• Was the only empire to use a feudal system

• Established Shi’a Islam as the state religion

• Created the largest gunpowder empire in the world

• Expanded primarily through naval power

One major reason for the decline of the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century was

• A devastating invasion by the Ottoman Empire

• The failure to adopt gunpowder weaponry

• Internal corruption, peasant revolts, and pressure from the Manchu

• An unsuccessful attempt to conquer Japan

How did the Mughal Empire facilitate its expansion in South Asia?

• Through religious tolerance and strategic alliances with local rulers

• By adopting a strict policy of forced conversions to Islam

• By focusing solely on naval conquests in the Indian Ocean

• Through an alliance with the Portuguese against the Safavids

Which of the following policies helped the Qing Dynasty consolidate control over China?

• Forcing all ethnic Han Chinese to adopt Manchu names

• Adopting Confucian bureaucratic institutions to maintain stability

• Encouraging widespread Christian missionary activity

• Replacing the examination system with military recruitment

The Janissary corps in the Ottoman Empire was primarily composed of

• Nobles who served as advisors to the sultan

• Christian boys taken through the devshirme system and trained as elite soldiers

• Turkish cavalry forces who controlled land grants

• A Persian mercenary force used for military expansion

The expansion of Russia under Peter the Great was largely driven by

• The desire to gain warm-water ports for trade

• A long-standing alliance with Japan

• A policy of isolationism to protect Russian culture

• An emphasis on maintaining Mongol-style governance

The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan maintained stability by

• Establishing a policy of isolation known as Sakoku

• Encouraging European merchants to establish trade posts throughout Japan

• Conquering large portions of China and Korea

• Adopting Christianity as the state religion

Which land-based empire was most reliant on a tribute system to control its vast territory?

• Ottoman Empire

• Mughal Empire

• Ming/Qing China

• Russia

One key similarity between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires was:

• Their reliance on gunpowder weapons for expansion

• Their shared Sunni Muslim identity

• Their control over the Indian Ocean trade network

• Their long-term alliances with European powers