Kell Kidd Duffy

A 'High-Frequency antigen' is defined as:

• an antigen that is present in less than 1% of the population.

• an antigen that is present in more than 90% of the population.

• an antigen that is present in 50% of the population.

• an antigen that is present in 10% of the population.

A 'low frequency antigen' is defined as:

• an antigen that is rarely found in the population.

• an antigen that is commonly found in the population.

• an antigen that is found only in specific species.

• an antigen that is found in all individuals.

Heterozygous is defined as:

• having identical alleles for a single trait

• having different alleles for a single trait

• having no alleles for a single trait

• having multiple alleles for multiple traits

Define the term 'homozygous'.

• Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

• Homozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene.

• Homozygous refers to having more than two alleles for a particular gene.

• Homozygous refers to having no alleles for a particular gene.

Discuss the concept of 'dosage' in terms of antibody reactivity and RBC phenotype.

• 'Dosage' refers to the variation in antibody reactivity depending on the number of antigen sites on RBCs.

• 'Dosage' is the measurement of antibody concentration in the blood.

• 'Dosage' is the process of determining the blood type of an individual.

• 'Dosage' is the method of administering antibodies to patients.

For Duffy, Kidd and Kell blood groups, describe the antigen expression on fetal cells.

• Duffy antigens are expressed, Kidd and Kell are not.

• Kidd antigens are expressed, Duffy and Kell are not.

• Kell antigens are expressed, Duffy and Kidd are not.

• None of the antigens are expressed.

For Duffy, Kidd and Kell blood groups, describe the antibody characteristics in terms of typical serologic behavior, effects of enhancement media, clinical significance, immunoglobulin class, ability to bind complement, reaction with enzyme treated RBCs.

• Duffy antibodies are typically IgG and do not bind complement, Kidd antibodies are often IgG and can bind complement, Kell antibodies are IgG and do not bind complement.

• Duffy antibodies are typically IgM and bind complement, Kidd antibodies are often IgM and do not bind complement, Kell antibodies are IgM and bind complement.

• Duffy antibodies are typically IgA and bind complement, Kidd antibodies are often IgA and do not bind complement, Kell antibodies are IgA and bind complement.

• Duffy antibodies are typically IgE and do not bind complement, Kidd antibodies are often IgE and can bind complement, Kell antibodies are IgE and do not bind complement.

The McLeod phenotype in the Kell system is characterized by:

• abnormal serologic reactions, X-linked inheritance, acanthocytosis, and linkage with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

• normal serologic reactions, autosomal inheritance, no RBC abnormalities, and no linkage with CGD

• abnormal serologic reactions, autosomal inheritance, elliptocytosis, and linkage with CGD

• normal serologic reactions, X-linked inheritance, stomatocytosis, and no linkage with CGD

For the Kidd System, describe the two mechanisms that produce the Jk(a-b-) phenotype.

• The Jk(a-b-) phenotype is produced by homozygous inheritance of the silent Jk allele and by suppression of Jk expression by an inhibitor gene.

• The Jk(a-b-) phenotype is produced by a mutation in the Jk gene and by environmental factors.

• The Jk(a-b-) phenotype is produced by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors.

• The Jk(a-b-) phenotype is produced by a viral infection and by a deficiency in the immune system.

For the Duffy Blood Group System, describe the association of the Fy(a-b-) phenotype and malaria.

• The Fy(a-b-) phenotype provides resistance to malaria.

• The Fy(a-b-) phenotype increases susceptibility to malaria.

• The Fy(a-b-) phenotype has no effect on malaria.

• The Fy(a-b-) phenotype is unrelated to malaria.