What is magmatism?

• The study of volcanic eruptions and their effects on the environment.

• Magmatism is the process of magma formation, movement, and solidification in the Earth's crust and mantle.

• The movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's lithosphere.

• The process of sedimentary rock formation in the Earth's crust.

Describe the process of magma formation.

• Magma is formed by the solidification of water in the Earth's surface.

• Magma is created by the compression of gases in the atmosphere.

• Magma is generated from the evaporation of ocean water.

• Magma is formed by the melting of rocks in the Earth's mantle and crust due to increased temperature, decreased pressure, or the addition of volatiles.

What are the main types of magma?

• Granite

• Pumice

• Basaltic, Andesitic, Rhyolitic, Ultramafic

• Obsidian

How does temperature affect magma viscosity?

• Higher temperatures increase magma viscosity.

• Higher temperatures decrease magma viscosity.

• Lower temperatures decrease magma viscosity.

• Temperature has no effect on magma viscosity.

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

• Extrusive rocks have larger crystals due to slow cooling.

• Intrusive rocks are formed from lava on the surface.

• Intrusive rocks cool rapidly and are found on the surface.

• Intrusive rocks have larger crystals due to slow cooling, while extrusive rocks have smaller crystals due to rapid cooling.

Define metamorphism in geology.

• Metamorphism is the process of changing the mineral composition and structure of rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.

• Metamorphism is the process of forming new rocks from volcanic activity.

• Metamorphism refers to the erosion of rocks by wind and water.

• Metamorphism is the process of fossilization in sedimentary rocks.

What are the main agents of metamorphism?

• Sedimentation and compaction

• Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids

• Biological activity and erosion

• Wind, rain, and temperature

Explain the role of pressure in metamorphic processes.

• Pressure only affects surface rocks, not deeper layers.

• Pressure has no impact on mineral formation during metamorphism.

• Pressure causes physical and chemical changes in rocks, leading to the formation of new minerals and denser rock structures during metamorphism.

• Increased pressure leads to the breakdown of all minerals in rocks.

What is foliation in metamorphic rocks?

• Foliation is the random arrangement of mineral grains in rocks.

• Foliation is the process of cooling magma into igneous rocks.

• Foliation refers to the presence of fossils in sedimentary rocks.

• Foliation is the alignment of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks due to pressure and temperature.

Name two common metamorphic rocks and their parent rocks.

• Basalt (parent rock: Limestone)

• Schist (parent rock: Shale), Gneiss (parent rock: Granite)

• Marble (parent rock: Sandstone)

• Slate (parent rock: Conglomerate)