KSS - Headstart Quiz

A hypothesis…

• A is a question the research study sets out to answer.

• B predicts how the dependent variable will affect the independent variable.

• C is generated based on scientific knowledge or experience in order to understand and test ideas.

• D is a method of research in which an experimenter manipulates the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable.

Which of the following would qualify as a within-subjects design?

• Measuring the amount of sleep that students get in Term 1, and then measuring it again in Term 4 during the exam period.

• Testing participants’ IQ and levels of creativity in order to determine if there is a relationship between the two.

• Analysing the beliefs of individuals above the age of 60, and comparing them to those between the ages of 20-25 by conducting a qualitative interview with one sample from each group.

• Testing the efficacy of a new training regime by implementing it with one football team, and comparing their results to another football team.

Mr Wallace is a Geography teacher at a high school. He is interested in finding out whether Year 9 students or Year 10 students are faster at learning the names of capital cities. One class at each year level is shown a presentation with each of the selected 20 countries and their capital cities on separate slides. Students are instructed to silently memorise the name of each country’s capital city. At the end of the presentation, each student is then provided with a list of countries only, in the same order as presented. Students are asked to write the name of the correct capital city beside the name of as many countries as possible. Mr Wallace then records how many correct pairs of capital cities and countries each student gets, and calculates the mean for each class. Which of the following procedures were used in Mr Wallace’s research?

• A Convenience sampling and random allocation

• B Random allocation and standardised procedures

• C Convenience sampling and standardised procedures

• D Random sampling and non-standardised procedures

Random allocation involves...

• selecting a group of participants from the target population, ensuring that every participant has an equal chance of being selected for the study.

• assigning participants to experimental conditions, ensuring that every participant has an equal chance of being in each group.

• selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample.

• allocating the investigation methodology that will be used for the study.

Which of the following is not true about ethics in research?

• The no-harm principle suggests that any unnecessary harm to participants should be avoided.

• Participants can withdraw from the research at any point in the study, including choosing to remove their data after the conclusion of the study.

• The use of deception in research is permissible when participants’ knowledge of the true purpose of the experiment may affect their behaviour while participating in the study.

• Informed consent is only necessary if participants are under the age of 18.

Which of the following statements regarding internal (construct) validity is the most accurate?

• Internal validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to different populations.

• Internal validity is the extent to which an investigation truly measures what it claims to.

• Internal validity is the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to different individuals in similar settings.

• Internal validity can only be achieved if the study is repeated multiple times.

The independent and dependent variables in this study are respectively...

• A. stress levels and type of transportation.

• B. type of transportation and stress levels.

• C. public transportation and private car.

• D. private car and public transportation.

What experimental design was used in this study?

• A. Between-subjects

• B. Within-subjects

• C. Mixed-methods

• D. None of the above

Jacob wanted to investigate whether caffeine helped concentration. He recruited a sample of 50 participants, and randomly assigned them into one of three groups. Group A was asked to consume one small cup of coffee, while Group B was asked to consume one small energy drink. Group C was the control group. Jacob’s research assistant then asked all groups to complete a cognitive test measuring concentration. It is likely that Group C was asked to...

• consume both a cup of coffee and an energy drink.

• not complete the cognitive test.

• complete a different cognitive test.

• not consume any caffeine.

A potential extraneous variable in this study may be...

• order effects.

• experimenter effects.

• placebo effects.

• all of the above.