Unit 5 DNA/RNA Vocab

Base pairing rules

• Adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine (A=C, G=T)

• Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine (A=T, C=G)

• Adenine pairs with guanine and thymine pairs with cytosine (A=G, T=C)

• Adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine (A=U, G=C)

Stop codon

• The first codon of mRNA that initiates translation

• The last codon of mRNA that halts translation

• A codon that codes for an amino acid

• A codon that is always present in every mRNA sequence

Replication

• The process of making a copy of an organism's DNA

• The process of breaking down DNA into nucleotides

• The process of synthesizing proteins from RNA

• The process of repairing damaged DNA

Start codon

• The first codon of mRNA that is translated into a protein

• A sequence that signals the end of protein synthesis

• A codon that codes for a stop signal

• A codon that is not involved in protein synthesis

Mutagen

• An agent that causes a genetic mutation

• A substance that enhances genetic stability

• A chemical that repairs DNA damage

• A factor that increases cell division

Central Dogma

• Genetic information flows in one direction: DNA, to RNA, to Protein

• Genetic information can flow in multiple directions

• Proteins can directly convert into DNA

• RNA is synthesized from proteins

Mutation

• A change in the DNA sequence

• A type of protein

• A cellular process

• An enzyme function

Transcription

• The process by which DNA is changed into mRNA

• The process by which mRNA is translated into protein

• The process of DNA replication

• The process of protein synthesis in ribosomes

Frameshift mutation

• A genetic mutation that occurs due to an insertion or deletion of genetic information which causes the reading frame to change

• A mutation that only affects a single nucleotide without altering the reading frame

• A type of mutation that results in the duplication of a segment of DNA

• A genetic alteration that does not affect protein synthesis

DNA Polymerase

• An enzyme that adds complementary RNA nucleotides to a strand of RNA during transcription

• An enzyme that adds complementary DNA nucleotides to a strand of DNA during replication

• A protein that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication

• An enzyme that synthesizes proteins from amino acids