Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution Review

Which of the following best describes the core idea of the Enlightenment?

• The belief that monarchs should have absolute power over their subjects

• The emphasis on reason, individual rights, and the questioning of traditional authority

• The idea that religion should dictate all laws and government decisions

• The rejection of scientific discoveries in favor of ancient traditions

Which Enlightenment philosopher argued for a government based on the consent of the governed and the natural rights of life, liberty, and property?

• Thomas Hobbes

• John Locke

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Montesquieu

Montesquieu’s idea of the separation of powers influenced which of the following governmental structures?

• A theocracy ruled by religious leaders

• A dictatorship with absolute control over laws and policies

• A system with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches

• A monarchy where the king controls all aspects of governance

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concept of the "general will" suggested that:

• Governments should make decisions based on the will of the majority of the people

• Absolute monarchs should rule with divine authority

• Individuals should prioritize self-interest over the good of the community

• Governments should be controlled solely by the wealthiest citizens

Which Enlightenment thinker is most closely associated with advocating for freedom of speech and religious tolerance?

• Adam Smith

• Voltaire

• Thomas Hobbes

• Cesare Beccaria

How did Enlightenment ideas influence the American Revolution?

• They encouraged the colonists to demand absolute monarchy

• They provided the intellectual basis for ideas such as popular sovereignty and natural rights

• They led to the rejection of representative government in favor of dictatorship

• They supported the idea that only religious leaders should make laws

The U.S. Constitution reflects Montesquieu’s Enlightenment principles primarily by:

• Establishing a single branch of government to control all decisions

• Giving unlimited power to the president

• Creating a system of checks and balances among branches of government

• Placing all power in the hands of the judiciary.

Which of the following best describes Thomas Hobbes’ view on government as stated in Leviathan?

• People are naturally good and should govern themselves with little interference

• A strong central authority is necessary to avoid chaos and disorder

• Governments should have no authority over economic matters

• Democracy is the only fair system of government.

The Enlightenment principle of social contract refers to:

• An agreement between government and people where rulers must protect citizens’ rights in exchange for obedience

• A belief that rulers have the right to govern without any input from the people

• A system where religious leaders dictate the government’s policies

• The idea that only the wealthy should participate in government.

Which Enlightenment idea influenced the abolition of cruel and unusual punishment in many legal systems?

• Adam Smith’s theory of capitalism

• Montesquieu’s separation of powers

• Cesare Beccaria’s arguments for criminal justice reform

• Rousseau’s concept of the general will.