REVISION PHILOSOPHY AND CURRENT ISSUES

What is the primary goal of philosophical inquiry?
Apakah matlamat utama penyelidikan falsafah?

• To memorize historical facts / Untuk menghafal fakta sejarah

• To develop logical reasoning and deeper understanding / Untuk membangunkan penaakulan logik dan pemahaman mendalam

• To accept traditions without questioning / Untuk menerima tradisi tanpa soal

• To reject modern scientific discoveries / Untuk menolak penemuan saintifik moden

Which philosophical branch deals with the nature of existence and reality?
Cabang falsafah manakah yang membincangkan sifat kewujudan dan realiti?

• Ethics / Etika

• Logic / Logik

• Metaphysics / Metafizik

• Epistemology / Epistemologi

Which aspect of knowledge does epistemology focus on?
Aspek pengetahuan manakah yang menjadi tumpuan epistemologi?

• Understanding moral values / Memahami nilai moral

• Theories of knowledge and how it is acquired / Teori pengetahuan dan bagaimana ia diperoleh

• The role of government in society / Peranan kerajaan dalam masyarakat

• The emotional aspects of human nature / Aspek emosi dalam sifat manusia

Which philosophical field studies the concept of morality and human conduct?
Bidang falsafah manakah yang mengkaji konsep moral dan tingkah laku manusia?

• Aesthetics / Estetika

• Epistemology / Epistemologi

• Ethics / Etika

• Logic / Logik

Why is philosophy essential for personal decision-making?
Mengapakah falsafah penting dalam membuat keputusan peribadi?

• It promotes critical thinking and rational judgment / Ia menggalakkan pemikiran kritis dan pertimbangan rasional

• It teaches religious rituals only / Ia hanya mengajar ritual keagamaan

• It helps people memorize historical events / Ia membantu orang menghafal peristiwa sejarah

• It eliminates the need for questioning beliefs / Ia menghapuskan keperluan untuk mempersoalkan kepercayaan

Why is philosophical questioning valuable?
Mengapakah persoalan falsafah bernilai?

• It enhances deeper comprehension and intellectual curiosity / Ia meningkatkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam dan keingintahuan intelektual

• It discourages people from believing in anything / Ia menghalang orang daripada mempercayai apa-apa

• It focuses only on memorizing key philosophical texts / Ia hanya memberi tumpuan kepada menghafal teks falsafah utama

• It is only relevant in academic settings / Ia hanya relevan dalam persekitaran akademik

How does philosophy influence an individual's worldview?
Bagaimanakah falsafah mempengaruhi pandangan dunia seseorang individu?

• By fostering critical thinking and new perspectives / Dengan menggalakkan pemikiran kritis dan perspektif baharu

• By enforcing traditional beliefs without reflection / Dengan menguatkuasakan kepercayaan tradisional tanpa refleksi

• By restricting philosophical discussions to experts only / Dengan mengehadkan perbincangan falsafah kepada pakar sahaja

• By focusing solely on historical events / Dengan hanya memberi tumpuan kepada peristiwa sejarah

a) Define philosophy and explain its significance in shaping human reasoning.
Takrifkan falsafah dan terangkan kepentingannya dalam membentuk penaakulan manusia. (4 marks)

Answer explanation

Philosophy is the study that investigates fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, morality, and thought in a rational and critical manner.

It helps humans understand abstract concepts and the foundations of life, develop critical reasoning skills, and enhance analytical abilities in problem-solving.

b) Differentiate metaphysics and epistemology. Provide relevant examples to illustrate their differences.
Bezakan metafizik dan epistemologi. Berikan contoh yang sesuai untuk menggambarkan perbezaannya. (6 Marks)

Answer explanation

Metaphysics examines the nature of reality, existence, and the essence of things. For example, metaphysics explores questions like "Does God exist?" and "What is the nature of reality?"

Epistemology, on the other hand, studies the sources, limits, and validity of human knowledge. It explores how humans acquire knowledge and how we can determine whether something is true.

Examples:

• Metaphysics: The study of the existence of the soul after death.

• Epistemology: The study of how we know that a scientific theory is true.

Explain the philosophical concept of happiness and provide one real-life example.
Terangkan konsep falsafah tentang kebahagiaan dan berikan satu contoh kehidupan sebenar.
(4 marks)

Answer explanation

In philosophy, happiness is often associated with the concept of eudaimonia (by Aristotle), which means a good and meaningful life. It is not merely temporary pleasure but long-term fulfillment that comes from living virtuously, morally, and with a clear purpose.

Example in everyday life:
A person achieves happiness not just by acquiring wealth but by helping the community, achieving personal goals, and living a life based on good values and ethics.