PHO441_Lecture 3

What is the primary mechanism of nephrotoxicity for aminoglycoside antibiotics like gentamicin?

• a) Direct tubular necrosis
  

• b) Lysosomal damage and altered phospholipid metabolism
  

• c) Competitive inhibition of renal transporters
  

• d) Deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli

Which neurotoxic heavy metal mimics calcium and disrupts neurotransmitter release?

• a) Lead
  

• b) Arsenic
  

• c) Cadmium
  

• d) Mercury

Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) is caused by the inhibition of which enzyme?

• a) Acetylcholinesterase
  

• b) Neuropathy target esterase (NTE)
  

• c) Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  

• d) Tyrosine hydroxylase

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of lead-induced neurotoxicity?

• a) Parkinsonism
  

• b) Wrist-drop and foot-drop
  

• c) Hyperreflexia
  

• d) Spinal cord demyelination

Which of the following nephrotoxic antimicrobial agents produces highly reactive acylating metabolites?

• a) Cephalosporins
  

• b) Aminoglycosides
  

• c) Amphotericin B
  

• d) Fluoroquinolones

Which nephrotoxic agent works by forming calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys, leading to acute tubular necrosis?

• a) Lead
  

• b) Ethylene glycol
  

• c) Cadmium
  

• d) Mercury

Which nephrotoxic heavy metal binds to sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in proteins, leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction?

• a) Lead
  

• b) Mercury

• c) Cadmium

• d) Arsenic