Chapter 22 test

The revolutions of 1848 led to all of the following developments except

• the rise of nationalism.
• the emergence of Realpolitik.
• the fall of the Second Empire.
• the ousting of Klemens von Metternich from power.

The closing of cafés where politics might be discussed was an example of

• a Europe-wide crackdown on critics of the established order and balance of power.
• Napoleon III's willingness to wantonly and ruthlessly suppress all political dissent and critical public dialogue regarding his government.
• Bismarck's Realpolitik solution to stifling dissent in order to bring about German unity.
• Cavour's policy of replacing provincial opinion with a new “national”––but largely Piedmontese––political paradigm through his newspapers.

The Crimean War began as a war between

• Russia, Walachia, and Moldavia.
• France and Russia.
• England and Russia.
• Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

The Crimean War (1853–1856) accomplished Napoleon III's goal of

• severing the alliance between the Austrian Habsburgs and Russia.
• expanding French territory in the Balkans.
• augmenting Prussia's power to further undermine Austria.
• uniting the French people in nationalist support of his dictatorial regime.

In the Crimean War of 1853–1856, Britain and France fought to

• save Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
• defend the Ottoman Empire from dismemberment by Russia.
• protect the Bulgarians from Austro-Hungary massacres.
• stop Prussia from annexing parts of Denmark.

Florence Nightingale became famous in the mid-nineteenth century as

• a composer.
• a suffragist.
• an abolitionist.
• a nurse.

Alexander II's Great Reforms inspired unrest and ethnic nationalism in the Russian Empire; the great irony of this situation is that the reforms were intended to

• give greater democracy to the people and thus avoid any upheaval.
• preserve the social hierarchy and maintain the status quo in Russia.
• act as a first step in giving proportional representation to ethnic groups within the state.
• strengthen the power of the monarchy so much that no one would challenge the state.

Although Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs, a free, mobile labor force was stymied by

• lengthy military conscription that kept men in the army for twenty-five years.
• a lack of roads and rail transport.
• the fact that zemstvos (local councils) often denied former serfs' requests for permission to move.
• the fact that former serfs remained tied to a system of communal landowning and decision making.

Italian unification in 1861 was led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia because

• it had industry, a good economy, a strong army, and the backing of France.
• the pope would work only with prime minister Camillo di Cavour and no one else.
• it was the home of Giuseppe Garibaldi and most of his “Red Shirts.”
• its strategic location meant that unification would be impossible without its support.

Bismarck sought to convince William I and the Junkers that a more powerful Germany could be built

• “by convincing Germans in Austria and elsewhere that we are all German brothers.”
• not “by speeches and majority decisions . . . but by iron and blood.”
• by “continuing . . . the congress system so effectively pioneered by our Austrian brother Count Metternich.”
• “by showing . . . a firm hand to our neighbors, . . . and a generous hand to our citizens.”