Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan

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Before 1200: Mongol society

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Loose collection of tribes in the north steppes of China, semi-nomadic, pastoralist communities, low population, politically decentralized. Valued trade but limited by lifestyles.

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What changed for Mongol tribes in the late 1100s?

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Some historians suggest climate change, specifically intense drought, shriveled pasture lands, causing tribes to move south.

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Who was Genghis Khan?

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Born as Temujin, he was abandoned at birth after his father died, captured by rivals, escaped, and won new followers. He was a good military leader.

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What did Genghis Khan achieve by 1206?

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He united the Mongol tribes into a loose confederation.

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Mongol warriors' reputation

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Known for horsemanship, a mounted Mongol warrior with a bow was feared from Korea to Rome. Both men and women were expert horsemen and warriors.

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Mongol military tactics

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Used surprise and craft, such as pretending to retreat to lure enemies into a trap. Army positions were based on merit, not family or ethnicity.

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Mongol approach to conquered enemies

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Sent a group to ask for surrender before battle. If refused, showed no mercy. Aristocrats were killed, skilled laborers were kept and integrated into the empire.

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Mongol Empire's use of technology

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Incorporated new technology from conquered people, such as gunpowder from China and improved siege weapons.

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Genghis Khan's quote on conquest

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"I am the punishment of God" - Genghis Khan. His conquests caused great demographic changes in Asia.

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Mongol Empire's code of law

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Governed by Yassa, meaning "order" or "decree", which imposed severe penalties and ensured shared hardships among ranks.