Catford's linguistic Shifts

What does "translation shift" refer to according to J.C. Catford?

• The change in cultural context between the source and target language

• The change in grammatical structure when translating from one language to another

• The literal translation of words

• The adaptation of idiomatic expressions to the target language

Which of the following is an example of a "level shift" in translation?

• Translating a noun into a verb

• Translating a sentence into a word

• Translating a word into a word with a different meaning

• Translating a sentence into another sentence with the same grammatical structure

What is an example of "structure shift" in translation?

• Translating an adjective into an adverb

• Changing word order in the target language sentence

• Translating a word with no direct equivalent

• Changing a verb tense in translation

Which of the following is an example of "class shift"?

• "I am afraid of the dark" - أخاف من الظلام

• "I am afraid of the dark" - أنا خائف من الظلام

• "I am afraid of the dark" - الظلام مخيف

• "I am afraid of the dark" - خائف من الظلام

which of the following is an example of "intra-system shift"?

• "Tigers are fierce animals" - النمر حيوان شرس

• "Tigers are fierce animals" - النمور حيوانات شرسة

• "Tigers are fierce animals" - نمور حيوانات شرسة

• "Tigers are fierce animals" - تتسم النمور بالشراسة

How would you apply "intra-system shifts" to translate this sentence: A lot of mistakes are made by beginning learners of English"?

• يرتكب متعلمو اللغة الإنجليزية المبتدؤون أخطاء كثيرة

• الكثير من الأخطاء ترتكب من قبل المتعلمون المبتدؤون للغة الإنجليزية

• الكثير من الأخطاء ترتكب على يد المتعلمون المبتدؤون للغة الإنجليزية

• أخطاء كثيرة يرتكبها متعلمو اللغة الإنجليزية المبتدؤون.

The translation of "ّI had desired for so long" by "لطالما تمنيتها" is an example of

• Level shift

• Unit shift

• Structure shift

• class shift

The translation of "يصافح" by "shake hands" is an example of

• Unit shift

• Level shift

• structure shift

• class shift