Science and Technology

The fundamental branch of physics that describes the behavior of particles on atomic and subatomic scales. This branch accounts for phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and wave-particle duality, where particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

The process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor? This principle, discovered by Michael Faraday, is the basis for the operation of transformers, electric generators, and many modern electrical devices.

The theory proposed by Albert Einstein that describes the relationship between space and time for objects moving at constant speeds close to the speed of light? It introduces concepts such as time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²).

The thermodynamic function that predicts whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously? A negative value for this function indicates a spontaneous process, while a positive value means the reaction is nonspontaneous unless energy is supplied.

The tendency of a system to return to equilibrium after a small disturbance, often described in terms of oscillations and wave mechanics?

The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object submerged in it? Governed by Archimedes’ Principle, this force determines whether an object will float or sink, depending on its density relative to the fluid.

The minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a chemical transformation, determining reaction speed and feasibility? This energy barrier can be lowered by catalysts, increasing reaction efficiency in industrial and biological processes.

The spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion?

A type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share electron pairs, creating stable molecular structures? These bonds are fundamental to organic and inorganic chemistry, influencing molecular geometry and reactivity.

A state of matter in which gas is ionized, consisting of free-moving electrons and ions? This high-energy state occurs in stars, lightning, and plasma TVs.