Mod 59 READING GUIDE

Every year, new ​ (a)   galore appear on ​ (b)   , self-disclosure, ​ (c)   , ​ (d)   , ​ (e)   and more.

• studies
• self-esteem
• self-awareness
• self-schemas
• self-monitoring
• self-efficacy
• self

One example of thinking about self is the concept of _______ _______.

Possible selves ​ (a)   us to lay out specific ​ (b)   that direct our energy effectively and ​ (c)   . Middle school students whose families struggle ​financially are more likely to earn ​ (d)   grades if they have a clear vision of themselves ​ (e)   in school.

• motivate
• goals
• efficiently
• high
• succeeding
• drive
• low
• failing

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

After receiving weekly ​ self-esteem-boosting messages ​ (a)   students earned ​ (b)   than expected grades. Other research showed that giving people random rewards ​ (c)   their productivity. Martin Seligman reported that "when good things occurred that ​ (d)   earned, like nickels coming out of slot machines it did ​ not increase people's ​ (e)   . It produced helplessness. People gave up and became passive.

• struggling
• lower
• hurt
• weren't
• well-being
• higher
• helped
• were

Concerned about ​ (a)   an upcoming test, students may study ​ (b)   and ​ (c)   their equally ​ (d)   but more ​ (e)   peers.

• failing
• thoroughly
• outperform
• able
• confident
• less
• underperform
• passing
• dedicated

This "​ (a)   to one's own ​ (b)   " phenomenon - now called the ​ (c)   effect - can produce ​ (d)   among political leaders.

• ignorance
• incompetence
• Dunning-Kruger
• overconfidence
• Mandela
• success

Match the following

• self-efficacy

• An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

• spotlight effect

• the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

• self-serving bias

• overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

• reciprocal determinism

• Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

• self

• in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Most students who receive poor test grades criticize the test or the _______, not themselves.