A Database Management System (DBMS) is primarily used to:

• Store data in files

• Manage and retrieve data efficiently

• Process programming logic

• Perform only arithmetic operations

Which of the following is the oldest database model?

• Relational model

• Hierarchical model

• Network model

• Object-oriented model

One major advantage of a DBMS over a file system is:

• Reduced data redundancy

• Higher storage requirements

• Increased manual processing

• Faster data access in all cases

In a file-based system, data inconsistency occurs due to:

• Lack of redundancy

• Use of a structured format

• Multiple copies of the same data

• The presence of a DBMS

Which of the following is not a data model?

• Relational model

• Hierarchical model

• Spreadsheet model

• Network model

In the relational model, data is organized in:

• Trees

• Graphs

• Tables

• Records

The external level in a DBMS is also called:

• Logical level

• User view level

• Physical level

• Storage level

The physical level of abstraction describes:

• How data is stored in the database

• The structure of tables and relationships

• User interactions with the database

• The logical representation of data

Logical data independence refers to:

• Changing the physical schema without modifying logical schema

• Changing the logical schema without modifying the external schema

• Changing the external schema without modifying the logical schema

• The ability to store redundant data

Which type of data independence protects applications from changes in physical storage structures?

• Logical data independence

• Conceptual data independence

• Physical data independence

• None of the above