Chapter 13 Section 2

mother tongue, language learned from childhood

• first language
• city state
• lingua franca
• caravans

an independent state made up of a city and the territories depending on it

• first language
• city state
• lingua franca
• caravans

a language common to two groups with different languages

• first language
• city state
• lingua franca
• caravans

a group of merchants traveling together for safety

• first language
• city state
• lingua franca
• caravans

the trading of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean

• trans-Atlantic slave trade
• imperialism
• trans-saharan
• colonialism

policy of extending foreign rule

• trans-Atlantic slave trade
• imperialism
• trans-saharan
• colonialism

across the Sahara

• trans-Atlantic slave trade
• imperialism
• trans-saharan
• colonialism

one country exploring, conquering, settling- and sometimes exploiting another area of the world

• trans-Atlantic slave trade
• imperialism
• trans-saharan
• colonialism

the development of agriculture by humans

• agricultural revolution
• alluvial
• Zimbabwe
• malnutrition

deposited by a river

• missionaries
• alluvial
• Zimbabwe
• malnutrition