In Studies 1 and 2, what was the purpose of leaving the wooden bird models at the reed warbler nests for 5 minutes?

• To attract more reed warblers to the area.
• To test the durability of the wooden models.
• To observe the reed warblers' response to potential threats.
• To provide shelter for the nests during the study.

The main purpose of Study 1 was to determine:

• whether reed warblers are able to distinguish between different cuckoos and dangerous predatory birds.

• whether gray cuckoos or brown cuckoos are more successful nest invaders.

• how exposure to mobbing calls influences future responses to nest invaders.

• the average number of mobbing calls needed to thwart nest invasions.

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS2-2

Which study was performed to determine whether social learning contributed to changes in mobbing call behavior?

• Study 1, because it measured the number of mobbing calls made by reed warblers that had not heard recordings of other reed warblers’ mobbing calls.

• Study 1, because it measured the number of mobbing calls made by reed warblers that had heard recordings of other reed warblers’ mobbing calls.

• Study 2, because it measured the number of mobbing calls made by reed warblers that had not heard recordings of other reed warblers’ mobbing calls.

• Study 2, because it measured the number of mobbing calls made by reed warblers that had heard recordings of other reed warblers’ mobbing calls.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS2-8

In Study 1, which of the following did not change for all 78 reed warbler nests studied?

• The order in which the wooden bird models were presented

• The number of mobbing calls recorded

• The length of time each model was left at a nest

• The time of day each model was presented

Suppose another P. luminescens strain secreted mutualistic enzymes C and D. Based on the data in Table 1 and the results of Experiment 2, would the amount of P. luminescens bacteria residing within the roundworm offspring be approximately equal to the amount of P. luminescens bacteria residing within the first-generation roundworm host?

• Yes, because mutualistic enzyme C is responsible for 100% transmission of bacteria from first-generation host to offspring, while other enzymes are not.

• Yes, because mutualistic enzyme D is responsible for 100% transmission of bacteria from first-generation host to offspring, while other enzymes are not.

• No, because mutualistic enzyme A is not present.

• No, because mutualistic enzyme B is not present.

Based on Table 1 and Figure 1, P. luminescens strains containing which of the following enzymes were able to pass the maximum amount of bacteria from culture to roundworm offspring?

• Mutualistic enzymes A, B, C, and D

• Mutualistic enzymes B and C

• Mutualistic enzymes A, C, and D

• Mutualistic enzymes A and C

In Experiment 2, each strain of P. luminescens bacteria was introduced to its own roundworm population. The most likely reason for this was:

• each strain was introduced to a different species of roundworms.

• P. luminescens strains did not secrete mutualistic enzymes in the presence of additional strains.

• it prevented possible interactions between strains.

• roundworms could not simultaneously support multiple strains of P. luminescens.

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS2-2

NGSS.MS-LS2-4

Based on Table 1 and Figure 1, which mutualistic enzyme is responsible for the ability of P. luminescens to reside within roundworm hosts?

• Mutualistic enzyme A

• Mutualistic enzyme B

• Mutualistic enzyme C

• Mutualistic enzyme D

Based on the passage, what is the correct order of perennial streams, snowmelt, and jökulhlaup in terms of their contributions to sudden increases in floodplain sediments, from largest to smallest?

• Perennial streams, snowmelt, jökulhlaup

• Jökulhlaup, snowmelt, perennial streams

• Perennial streams, jökulhlaup, snowmelt

• Jökulhlaup, perennial streams, snowmelt

The design of Study 2 differed from the design of Study 1 in that, in Study 2, the:

• wind speed was measured, whereas in Study 1, the sediment mass of streams was determined.

• wind speed was measured, whereas in Study 1, the dust concentration was measured.

• dust concentration was measured, whereas in Study 1, the wind speed was measured.

• dust concentration was measured, whereas in Study 1, the sediment mass of streams was determined.