DIASS - REVIEW

NAME AND SECTION

According to Freud, which part of the mind stores hidden memories, fears, and desires that influence behavior?

• Conscious mind

• Preconscious mind

• Unconscious mind

• Ego

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  The unconscious mind holds thoughts, memories, desires, and fears that are not accessible to our conscious awareness but influence behavior.

• Other choices:
  a. Conscious mind – Includes thoughts and feelings we are currently aware of.
  b. Preconscious mind – Contains thoughts we can access if needed but aren't currently thinking about.
  d. Ego – Part of the personality structure that deals with reality, but it operates in all three levels of awareness.

In Freud's personality theory, which component operates based on the reality principle?

• Id

• Ego

• Superego

• Unconscious mind

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the desires of the id with reality and morals from the superego.

• Other choices:
  a. Id – Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
  c. Superego – Represents morals and ideals, striving for perfection rather than reality.
  d. Unconscious mind – A level of the mind, not a structure of personality.

A therapist asks a client to freely say any words that come to mind, without filtering them. This technique is known as:

• Dream analysis

• Free association

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  Free association allows unconscious material to surface by speaking without censorship.

• Other choices:
  a. Dream analysis – Involves interpreting dreams to understand unconscious content.
  c. Classical conditioning – Learning through associations (Pavlov).
  d. Operant conditioning – Learning through rewards/punishments (Skinner).

A person is afraid of swimming but does not remember a past near-drowning experience. Which of Freud's levels of mind does this best illustrate?

• Conscious mind

• Preconscious mind

• Unconscious mind

• Superego

Answer explanation

Answer: c. Unconscious mind

• Explanation:
  The memory is hidden in the unconscious but still affects behavior.

• Other choices:
  a. Conscious mind – No memory of the experience is present.
  b. Preconscious mind – Thoughts can be retrieved, but the person doesn’t recall this experience.
  d. Superego – Moral component, unrelated to memory storage.

Which of the following is an example of the superego at work?

• Eating an entire cake because it looks delicious

• Deciding to eat only one slice of cake to maintain balance

• Avoiding cake because it is unhealthy

• Feeling sleepy after eating a heavy meal

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  The superego judges right and wrong and strives for perfection, often leading to restraint.

• Other choices:
  a. Eating an entire cake – Reflects the id (pleasure-seeking).
  b. Eating one slice for balance – Reflects the ego (realistic decision).
  d. Feeling sleepy – A physical reaction, not related to moral judgment.

Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning theory is based on which type of learning?

• Learning through rewards and punishments

• Learning through associations

• Learning through unconscious desires

• Learning through self-actualization

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a learned response.

• Other choices:
  a. Rewards/punishments – Operant conditioning (Skinner).
  c. Unconscious desires – Freud’s psychoanalysis.
  d. Self-actualization – Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

• Giving a child candy for finishing homework

• Taking away a toy after a child misbehaves

• Removing an annoying sound when a seatbelt is fastened

• Giving extra chores for not cleaning the room

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

• Other choices:
  a. Giving candy – Positive reinforcement (adding something pleasant).
  b. Taking away a toy – Negative punishment (removing something pleasant to decrease behavior).
  d. Giving extra chores – Positive punishment (adding something unpleasant).

What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

• The smell of food

• Salivating when food is presented

• The ringing bell before conditioning

• Salivating when hearing the bell

Answer explanation

Answer: d. Salivating when hearing the bell

• Explanation:
  After conditioning, the dog salivates in response to the bell alone.

• Other choices:
  a. The smell of food – Unconditioned stimulus.
  b. Salivating when food is presented – Unconditioned response.
  c. The ringing bell before conditioning – Neutral stimulus.

A teacher praises students who participate in class, encouraging them to contribute more. This is an example of:

• Positive punishment

• Negative punishment

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative reinforcement

Answer explanation

• Explanation:
  Praise is added to increase participation.

• Other choices:
  a. Positive punishment – Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
  b. Negative punishment – Taking away something pleasant to decrease behavior.
  d. Negative reinforcement – Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.