Higher FP Sun protection

Which wavelengths of light are known to induce hyperpigmentation in individuals with higher Fitzpatrick skin types? (Select all that apply)

• Ultraviolet A

• Ultraviolet B

• High Energy Visible Light (HEVL)

• Infrared (IR)

Answer explanation

Ultraviolet A and B are known to cause hyperpigmentation. HEVL (blue) and IR can also contribute to pigmentation changes especially in higher Fitzpatrick skin types.

Which of the following SPF ingredients block visible light?

• Titanium dioxide (micronised)

• Iron oxides

• Zinc oxide (micronised)

• Octisalate

Answer explanation

Iron oxides are known to block visible light, making them effective in SPF formulations for protecting against UV and visible light. The other options do not provide this specific protection.

Pigmentary forms of TD and ZO may block visible light but are rarely used in this form in modern day.

Client A informs you that she wears SPF 50 every day, but her pigmentation is worsening. Which of these follow-up questions are essential? (Select all that apply)

• Which wavelengths of light does your SPF cover?

• How much are you applying?

• How often are you reapplying?

• Is the SPF you use mineral or chemical?

Answer explanation

The correct follow-up questions address potential issues with SPF effectiveness. Knowing the wavelengths covered ensures protection against all harmful rays. Application amount and reapplication frequency are crucial for maintaining SPF efficacy.

Client B has acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and is interested in LED light therapy. Which colour would be most beneficial?

• Blue light

• Red light

• Green light

• Yellow light

Answer explanation

Red light is beneficial for acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation as it promotes wound healing and reduces inflammation.

Blue light is effective in treating acne and chronic skin conditions, however it has been shown to trigger melanogenesis in higher FPs, ROS, DNA damage and inhibit cell proliferation

Which of the following antioxidants may help with hyperpigmentation? (Select all that apply)

• Ascorbic acid

• Liquorice root extract

• Polypodium Leucotomos

• Azelaic acid

Answer explanation

Ascorbic acid, liquorice root extract, polypodium leucotomos, and azelaic acid are all known antioxidants that can help reduce and prevent hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanin production, reduce OS and promote an even skin tone.

Which of the following ingredients are tyrosinase inhibitors?

• Niacinamide

• Arbutin

• Kojic acid

• Tranexamic acid

Answer explanation

Arbutin, kojic acid, and tranexamic acid are known tyrosinase inhibitors, which help reduce melanin production. Niacinamide reduces pigmentation by inhibiting the transfer of melanosomes by melanocytes.