19th century isms

What was the main purpose of Napoleon's speech to his troops in Italy, 1796?

• To announce a retreat

• To motivate his troops for upcoming battles

Answer explanation

Napoleon's speech aimed to inspire and rally his troops, boosting their morale for the challenges ahead in battle, rather than announcing a retreat, declaring victory, or negotiating peace.

What is the historical context of 'The Marseilles,' the French National Anthem?

• The French Revolution

• World War I

Answer explanation

'The Marseillaise' was composed during the French Revolution, symbolizing the fight for liberty and unity. It reflects the revolutionary spirit and the desire for freedom, making the French Revolution the correct historical context.

Which English writer is known for writing Gothic poems of the supernatural?

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• Lord Byron

Answer explanation

Samuel Taylor Coleridge is renowned for his Gothic poems, particularly 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and 'Christabel', which explore supernatural themes. In contrast, Wordsworth and Byron focused on different styles.

Fill in the blank: Kant challenges rationalism in 'The Critique of Pure Reason' & 'The Critique of Practical Reason' (1781 & 1788), proposing that humans have a ________ imperative.

• categorical

• emotional

Answer explanation

Kant introduces the concept of the 'categorical imperative' as a fundamental principle of morality, contrasting it with hypothetical imperatives. This highlights his challenge to rationalism by emphasizing moral duties that are universally applicable.

Which of the following is a major theme of Romanticism?

• Emphasis on logic and reason

• Focus on mysterious, supernatural, exotic, or grotesque

Answer explanation

A major theme of Romanticism is the focus on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic, or grotesque, which contrasts with the Enlightenment's emphasis on logic and reason. This theme celebrates emotion and the sublime in nature.

Romanticism idealized the past as a ______, nobler time.

• complex

• simpler

Answer explanation

Romanticism often portrayed the past as a simpler time, emphasizing its perceived purity and innocence compared to the complexities of modern life. This idealization aligns with the choice 'simpler' as the correct answer.

Which of the following was a pillar of 19th-century conservatism?

• Legitimate monarchies

• Radicalism

Answer explanation

Legitimate monarchies were a key aspect of 19th-century conservatism, emphasizing the importance of traditional authority and stability, in contrast to radicalism and Enlightenment ideas that promoted change and democracy.

19th-century conservatism was a backlash against Liberalism and ________.

• Monarchies

• Radicalism

Answer explanation

19th-century conservatism emerged as a reaction against the rapid changes brought by Liberalism and Radicalism, which sought to challenge traditional structures and promote extreme reforms, prompting conservatives to defend established norms.

What was the main agreement of the Concert of Europe in 1815?

• No nation could take major action in international affairs unilaterally

• Nations must dissolve student nationalist organizations

Answer explanation

The Concert of Europe established that no nation could take significant actions in international affairs unilaterally, promoting collective decision-making to maintain stability and prevent conflict after the Napoleonic Wars.

In 1819, the Carlsbad Decrees led to the dissolution of the ________.

• Burschenschaften (student nationalist organization)

• Congress of Vienna

Answer explanation

The Carlsbad Decrees aimed to suppress nationalist movements in Germany, leading to the dissolution of the Burschenschaften, a student organization advocating for national unity and liberal reforms.