References

The practice of logging (cutting down trees for commercial and other uses) is often thought to be at odds with forest conservation (the work of preserving forests). However, a massive study in forest management and preservation spanning 700,000 hectares in Oregon’s Malheur National Forest calls that view into question. So far, results of the study suggest that forest plots that have undergone limited logging (the careful removal of a controlled number of trees) may be more robust than plots that haven’t been logged at all. These results, in turn, suggest that ______

• logging may be useful for maintaining healthy forests, provided it is limited.

• other forest management strategies are more effective than limited logging.

• as time passes, it will be difficult to know whether limited logging has any benefits.

• the best way to support forest health may be to leave large forests entirely untouched.

Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a television show, often increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus ______

• find the disruptions more irritating as time went on.

• rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.

• rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

• perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.

Many of William Shakespeare’s tragedies address broad themes that still appeal to today’s audiences. For instance, Romeo and Juliet, which is set in the Italy of Shakespeare’s time, tackles the themes of parents versus children and love versus hate, and the play continues to be read and produced widely around the world. But understanding Shakespeare’s so-called history plays can require a knowledge of several centuries of English history. Consequently, ______

• many theatergoers and readers today are likely to find Shakespeare’s history plays less engaging than the tragedies.

• some of Shakespeare’s tragedies are more relevant to today’s audiences than twentieth-century plays.

• Romeo and Juliet is the most thematically accessible of all Shakespeare’s tragedies.

• experts in English history tend to prefer Shakespeare’s history plays to his other works.

In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that ______

• those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.

• the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.

• Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

• Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the nineteenth century.

Some businesses believe that when employees are interrupted while doing their work, they experience a decrease in energy and productivity. However, a team led by Harshad Puranik, who studies management, has found that interruptions by colleagues can have a social component that increases employees’ sense of belonging, resulting in greater job satisfaction that benefits employees and employers. Therefore, businesses should recognize that ______

• the interpersonal benefits of some interruptions in the workplace may offset the perceived negative effects.

• in order to maximize productivity, employers should be willing to interrupt employees frequently throughout the day.

• most employees avoid interrupting colleagues because they don’t appreciate being interrupted themselves.

• in order to cultivate an ideal workplace environment, interruptions of work should be discouraged.

Microbes that live in shallow lakes and ponds produce methane, a harmful greenhouse gas. Ecologist Ralf Aben and his team wanted to see how different types of shallow-water plants might affect the amount of methane that escapes into the atmosphere. Aben’s team set up some water tanks with soil and microbes from local ponds. Some tanks had a type of underwater plant that grows in the soil called watermilfoil. Other tanks had either duckweed, a type of plant that floats on the water’s surface, or algae. Aben and his team found that tanks with duckweed and algae released higher levels of methane than tanks with watermilfoil did. This finding suggests that ______

• the presence of some kinds of underwater plants like watermilfoil helps prevent methane from escaping shallow lakes and ponds.

• shallow lakes and ponds release more methane than deeper bodies of water because shallow bodies of water usually have more plants than deep bodies of water do.

• shallow lakes and ponds are more likely to contain algae than to contain either watermilfoil or duckweed.

• having a mix of algae, underwater plants, and floating plants is the best way to reduce the amount of methane in shallow lakes and ponds.

Scholars have noted that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s writings were likely influenced in part by his marriage to Zelda Fitzgerald, but many don’t recognize Zelda as a writer in her own right. Indeed, Zelda authored several works herself, such as the novel Save Me the Waltz and numerous short stories. Thus, those who primarily view Zelda as an inspiration for F. Scott’s writings ______

• overlook the many other factors that motivated F. Scott to write.

• risk misrepresenting the full range of Zelda’s contributions to literature.

• may draw inaccurate conclusions about how F. Scott and Zelda viewed each other’s works.

• tend to read the works of F. Scott and Zelda in an overly autobiographical light.

Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories about detective Sherlock Holmes were published between 1887 and 1927. They have inspired countless successful adaptations, including comic strips, movies, and a television series Sherlock Hound, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who is celebrated for his animated movies. Until 2014, these stories were copyrighted. The right to adapt was only available to those who could afford the copyright fee and gain approval from the strict copyright holders of Doyle’s estate. Some journalists predict that the number of Sherlock Holmes adaptations is likely to increase since the end of copyright means that ______

• Doyle’s original stories will become hard to find.

• people will become more interested in detective stories than they were in the 1800s.

• producing adaptations will become easier and less expensive.

• the former copyright holders of Doyle’s estate will return fees they collected.

Recent studies have shown that urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, can significantly improve mental health and well-being among city dwellers. However, some urban planners argue that these spaces take up valuable land that could be used for housing or commercial development. Therefore, it is essential to recognize that ______

• green spaces are only beneficial for a small segment of the population.

• mental health benefits are less important than economic development in urban planning.

• the demand for housing should always take precedence over the creation of green spaces.

• urban green spaces provide benefits that can outweigh the costs of land use.

In recent years, the rise of remote work has led to a reevaluation of traditional office environments. While some companies believe that in-person collaboration is crucial for innovation, others argue that remote work can enhance productivity and employee satisfaction. This suggests that ______

• the future of work will likely revert to pre-pandemic norms.

• all employees prefer working in an office setting over remote work.

• remote work is less effective than traditional office work in fostering creativity.

• companies should consider flexible work arrangements to meet diverse employee needs.