PS.2 Level 3

Analyze the trends in reactivity within Group 1 and Group 17 of the periodic table and explain how these trends can be used to predict the outcome of a reaction between a Group 1 and a Group 17 element.

• Group 1 elements become less reactive down the group, while Group 17 elements become more reactive, leading to a weaker reaction.

• Group 1 elements become more reactive down the group, while Group 17 elements become less reactive, leading to a stronger reaction.

• Both Group 1 and Group 17 elements become more reactive down the group, leading to a stronger reaction.

• Both Group 1 and Group 17 elements become less reactive down the group, leading to a weaker reaction.

Tags

VA.PS.2.b

Evaluate the impact of Dalton's atomic theory on the development of modern atomic models, considering the limitations of his postulates.

• Dalton's theory was entirely correct and required no modifications.

• Dalton's theory introduced the idea of indivisible atoms, which was later modified to include subatomic particles.

• Dalton's theory was disproven and had no impact on modern atomic models.

• Dalton's theory only applied to gases and was irrelevant to other states of matter.

Tags

VA.PS.2.a

Using the kinetic molecular theory, predict and explain the changes in pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas when it undergoes an isothermal expansion.

• Pressure increases, volume decreases, temperature remains constant.

• Pressure decreases, volume increases, temperature remains constant.

• Pressure remains constant, volume decreases, temperature increases.

• Pressure increases, volume remains constant, temperature decreases.

Tags

VA.PS.2.c

Discuss how the periodic table can be used to predict the formation of ionic versus covalent bonds between elements, considering their positions and electronegativity differences.

• Elements with similar electronegativities form ionic bonds, while those with large differences form covalent bonds.

• Elements with large electronegativity differences form ionic bonds, while those with similar electronegativities form covalent bonds.

• Elements in the same period always form covalent bonds.

• Elements in the same group always form ionic bonds.

Tags

VA.PS.2.b

Analyze the significance of the discovery of the electron in the context of atomic theory and its implications for the structure of the atom.

• The discovery of the electron confirmed that atoms are indivisible.

• The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model, which was later replaced by the nuclear model.

• The discovery of the electron had no impact on atomic theory.

• The discovery of the electron suggested that atoms are made entirely of electrons.

Tags

VA.PS.2.a

Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain why the boiling point of a liquid is affected by atmospheric pressure and how this principle is applied in pressure cooking.

• Lower atmospheric pressure increases boiling point, making cooking faster.

• Higher atmospheric pressure decreases boiling point, making cooking slower.

• Lower atmospheric pressure decreases boiling point, allowing liquids to boil at lower temperatures.

• Higher atmospheric pressure increases boiling point, allowing liquids to boil at higher temperatures.

Tags

VA.PS.2.c

Evaluate how the periodic table can be used to predict the acidity or basicity of oxides formed by elements, considering their positions and oxidation states.

• Oxides of elements in the same group are always acidic.

• Oxides of elements in higher oxidation states are more acidic, while those in lower oxidation states are more basic.

• Oxides of elements in the same period are always basic.

• Oxides of elements in lower oxidation states are more acidic, while those in higher oxidation states are more basic.

Tags

VA.PS.2.b

Discuss the role of isotopes in the development of the modern atomic model and their significance in scientific research.

• Isotopes confirmed that all atoms of an element are identical.

• Isotopes demonstrated that atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, leading to variations in atomic mass.

• Isotopes disproved the existence of protons and neutrons.

• Isotopes are irrelevant to the modern atomic model.

Tags

VA.PS.2.a

Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain why increasing the temperature of a gas in a closed container increases its pressure, and how this principle is applied in real-world scenarios such as car tires.

• Increasing temperature decreases particle energy, reducing pressure.

• Increasing temperature increases particle energy, causing more frequent and forceful collisions with the container walls.

• Increasing temperature decreases the number of particles, reducing pressure.

• Increasing temperature makes particles heavier, reducing pressure.

Tags

VA.PS.2.c

Analyze how the periodic table can be used to predict the solubility of compounds in water, considering the positions of the constituent elements and their interactions with water molecules.

• Compounds of elements in the same group are always soluble.

• Compounds of elements with similar electronegativities are more likely to be soluble.

• Compounds of elements with large electronegativity differences are more likely to be soluble.

• Compounds of elements in the same period are always insoluble.

Tags

VA.PS.2.b