Reference and Inference

An act in which a speaker, or writer uses language to enable a listener or reader to identify something is called

• reference

• inference

The listener's task is not to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expressions.

• True

• False

The process of using additional information by the listener to connect what was said with must be meant is

• reference

• inference

Listeners make inferences about...

• what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker's intended meaning

• what the speaker wants to refer to

What kind of reference do this pronoun have? "Although I phone HER every week, my mother still complains that I don’t keep in touch often enough."

• anaphora

• cataphora

What kind of reference do these pronouns have? "Michael went to the bank. HE was annoyed because IT was closed."

• anaphora

• cataphora

What inference can the hearer draw from “Some of the students passed the exam”

• Not all of the students passed the exam

• All of the students passed the exam

What among the followings is a subsequent reference to an already introduced entity?

• Antecedent

• Anaphora

• Cataphora

• Deixis

For successful reference to occur, there must have …?

• Inference

• Referring expression

• Antecedent

• Antecedent

"Take the frozen pizza out of the fridge. Microwave in 10 mins. And it'll be ready for the dinner" - How many types of Anaphoric reference in this sentence?

• 2

• 3

• 4