2.1 Introduction to HRM

What are the six change approaches according to John P. Kotter?

• Establishing a sense of urgency, forming a powerful coalition, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, planning for and creating short-term wins

• Developing a new strategy, building a guiding team, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, consolidating gains and producing more change

• Creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, planning for and creating short-term wins, consolidating gains and producing more change, anchoring new approaches in the culture

• Establishing a sense of urgency, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, planning for and creating short-term wins, consolidating gains and producing more change

The gig economy is characterized by:

• Full-time permanent jobs

• Temporary, flexible jobs

• Government jobs

• Internships

What occurs when the majority of decision making is done by a very small number of people?

• Decentralization

• Centralization

• Delegation

• Delayering

the formal line of authority, shown in an organization chart, through which formal communications and orders are passed down

What is the process of removing levels in the hierarchy to flatten the organizational structure called?

• Delegation

• Delayering

• Centralization

• Decentralization

the empowerment of a person lower down in the organizational structure by passing on control and decision-making authority to complete a certain task or role.

What does a flat (or horizontal) organizational structure mean?

• There are many layers in the formal hierarchy

• There are only a few layers in the formal hierarchy

• Managers have a narrow span of control

• Decision making is centralized

What refers to the number of layers of formal authority in an organization?

• Chain of command

• Levels of the hierarchy

• Centralization

• Decentralization

Charles Handy’s Shamrock Organization, are the individuals or organizations hired on a contract basis to carry out specific but non-core roles.

What are 'Peripheral workers' according to Charles Handy?

• Core workers consisting of full-time specialists

• Contingent workers consisting of part-time and temporary staff

• Individuals hired on a contract basis

• Managers responsible for decision making