AP Biology - Unit 7 Natural Selection and Evolution

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

• Allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic isolation, while sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation.

• Allopatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation, while sympatric speciation occurs due to geographic isolation.

• Allopatric speciation involves hybridization, while sympatric speciation involves geographic barriers.

• Allopatric speciation is a result of environmental changes, while sympatric speciation is due to genetic mutations.

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What is the significance of the bottleneck effect?

• It increases genetic diversity in a population.

• It has no effect on genetic diversity.

• It reduces genetic diversity in a population due to a significant reduction in size.

• It enhances the adaptability of a population.

What is the founder effect?

• The establishment of a genetically unique population through genetic drift.

• A process where a population becomes extinct due to environmental changes.

• The introduction of new genetic material into a population.

• A phenomenon where individuals in a population become more genetically similar over time.

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What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

• Phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while genotype refers to observable characteristics.

• Phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype is the genetic makeup.

• Phenotype and genotype are the same and can be used interchangeably.

• Phenotype is determined by environmental factors, while genotype is fixed at birth.

What is natural selection?

• The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

• A method of breeding plants and animals for desired traits.

• The theory that all species are fixed and do not change over time.

• A random process that affects the survival of organisms.

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What is the role of mutations in evolution?

• Mutations introduce new genetic variations, which can be acted upon by natural selection.

• Mutations always lead to harmful effects on an organism's fitness.

• Mutations are irrelevant to the process of evolution.

• Mutations only occur in response to environmental changes.

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What is stabilizing selection?

• A type of natural selection that favors average phenotypes and reduces variation.

• A process that favors extreme phenotypes over average ones.

• A mechanism that increases genetic diversity within a population.

• A form of selection that occurs only in artificial breeding.

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What is a gene pool?

• The total collection of genes and their alleles in a population.

• A specific type of gene that determines a trait.

• The number of individuals in a population.

• The variety of species in an ecosystem.

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If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population would you predict to be heterozygous?

• 38%

• 42%

• 50%

• 56%

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What are the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

• 1. Large population size, 2. No mutations, 3. No migration, 4. Random mating, 5. No natural selection.

• 1. Small population size, 2. Frequent mutations, 3. Migration, 4. Non-random mating, 5. Natural selection.

• 1. Large population size, 2. No mutations, 3. Migration, 4. Random mating, 5. No natural selection.

• 1. Large population size, 2. No mutations, 3. No migration, 4. Random mating, 5. Natural selection.