Data Collection and Sampling Methods

Correlation

• A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

• A method for collecting data from a sample population.

• A technique used to visualize data in a graphical format.

• A process of determining the cause of a phenomenon.

Response Bias

• Occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.

• Occurs when respondents provide answers that are influenced by the wording of the question.

• Occurs when survey participants do not understand the questions being asked.

• Occurs when there is a random pattern of accurate answers to a survey question.

Cluster

• The population is divided into clusters, and a simple random sample of clusters is selected.

• The population is divided into individuals, and a simple random sample of individuals is selected.

• The population is divided into groups, and all members of each group are surveyed.

• The population is surveyed in a systematic manner based on a fixed interval.

Causation

• A relationship between two variables where a change in one variable directly results in a change in the other.

• A correlation between two variables that does not imply a direct relationship.

• A situation where two variables are completely independent of each other.

• A method of predicting one variable based on the behavior of another variable.

Observational Study

• Researchers manipulate the behavior of participants to study outcomes.

• Researchers observe the behavior of the participants/subjects without trying to influence it in any way so they can learn about the parameter of interest.

• Researchers conduct experiments in a controlled environment to gather data.

• Researchers use surveys to collect data from participants about their behaviors.

Surveys

• Researchers use surveys to gather data about people's feelings and preferences.

• Surveys are only used for marketing purposes.

• Surveys are a type of experiment conducted in laboratories.

• Surveys are not effective in understanding public opinion.

Experiment

• Researchers observe participants without manipulation of variables.

• Researchers separate the people into a control group and a treatment group, and manipulate the variables in order to find cause and effect.

• Researchers only use qualitative data to analyze results.

• Researchers conduct surveys to gather opinions on a topic.

Randomization

• A method to ensure each selection has an equal chance of being chosen, eliminating bias.

• A technique used to increase the sample size in a study.

• A process of selecting participants based on their characteristics.

• A way to analyze data after it has been collected.

Quantitative Data

• Refers to data that can be expressed as numbers, allowing for statistical analysis and mathematical calculations.

• Refers to data that is descriptive and cannot be measured numerically.

• Refers to data that is collected through surveys and interviews.

• Refers to data that is based on subjective opinions and experiences.

Categorical

• A variable that represents numerical values.

• A variable that represents distinct categories or groups. Example: Area codes.

• A variable that can take any value within a range.

• A variable that represents continuous data.