Language and Communication

Semantics

• Meaning of words and sentences.

• Study of sound in language.

• Rules governing sentence structure.

• The use of language in social contexts.

Authoritarian Parenting

• A parenting style that is nurturing and supportive.

• A strict, high-demand, low warmth parenting style that enforces rigid rules.

• A flexible parenting style that adapts to children's needs.

• A permissive parenting style that allows children to make their own decisions.

Morphemes

• Smallest units of meaning in language.

• Words that have no meaning on their own.

• The largest units of sound in speech.

• Groups of letters that form a sentence.

Macrosystem

• The immediate environment in which a person lives.

• The broader cultural and societal influences, such as laws, traditions, and economic systems.

• The biological factors that influence development.

• The personal relationships and interactions that shape an individual.

Industry and Inferiority

• Children develop a sense of independence and autonomy (0-2 years).

• Children develop competence or feel inferior compared to peers (6-12 years).

• Children learn to trust their caregivers (0-1 years).

• Children explore their environment and develop initiative (3-6 years).

Generativity and Stagnation

• Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unfulfilled (40s-60s).

• Young adults focus on personal relationships and career development (20s-30s).

• Older adults reflect on their life and seek to leave a legacy (60s and beyond).

• Adolescents explore their identity and seek independence (teens).

Ecological Systems Theory

• A theory that explains how different environments (family, school, society) influence a person's growth and development.

• A model that focuses solely on genetic factors affecting development.

• A framework that emphasizes the role of individual choices in personal growth.

• A concept that suggests development is entirely determined by economic status.

Self-Concept

• An individual's awareness and understanding of themselves, including their traits and abilities.

• A measure of one's social status and popularity.

• The ability to influence others' perceptions and opinions.

• A collection of memories and experiences that shape one's identity.

Permissive Parenting

• A strict parenting style with high demands and strict discipline.

• A balanced parenting style with moderate demands and discipline.

• A lenient parenting style with few demands and little discipline.

• A parenting style that emphasizes independence and self-regulation.

Avoidant Attachment

• A type of secure attachment where the child seeks comfort from the caregiver.

• A type of insecure attachment where the child avoids seeking comfort from the caregiver.

• A type of attachment characterized by excessive dependence on the caregiver.

• A type of attachment that develops only in adolescence.