Social, Cognitive & Neurological factors 3.9 (Definitions)

Which of the following best describes a cognitive map?

• A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

• A learned behavior that occurs without direct reinforcement.

• A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

• A behavior learned by observing others.

Latent learning is best demonstrated by which of the following scenarios?

• A child learns to solve a puzzle after watching a friend do it.

• A rat learns the layout of a maze without any rewards, but shows this knowledge when a reward is introduced.

• A dog learns to sit on command after being given treats.

• A student learns a math formula after repeated practice.

Insight learning is characterized by:

• Gradual acquisition of knowledge through repeated practice.

• Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.

• A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

• Learning that is reinforced by rewards or punishments.

Observational learning involves:

• Learning through direct experience and reinforcement.

• Acquiring new behaviors by watching the actions of others.

• Learning that occurs without any external reinforcement.

• A sudden understanding of a complex problem.

Modeling is a process that involves:

• Imitating the behavior of a role model or peer.

• Learning through trial and error.

• Developing a mental map of one's environment.

• Solving problems through insight.

Mirror neurons are believed to play a crucial role in:

• The development of cognitive maps.

• The process of insight learning.

• The ability to learn through observation and imitation.

• The reinforcement of learned behaviors.

Prosocial behavior is best defined as:

• Actions that are intended to harm or disadvantage others.

• Behaviors that are beneficial to others and society as a whole.

• Learning that occurs without any direct reinforcement.

• The sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Which of the following is an example of antisocial behavior?

• Helping a stranger in need.

• Volunteering at a local charity.

• Vandalizing public property.

• Donating to a food bank.

The concept of latent learning challenges the idea that:

• Learning can occur without reinforcement.

• Learning is always a result of direct experience.

• Insight is necessary for problem-solving.

• Observational learning requires a model.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates insight learning?

• A student memorizes a poem by repeating it several times.

• A chimpanzee suddenly uses a stick to reach bananas that are out of reach.

• A dog learns to fetch a ball after being rewarded with treats.

• A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their parents.