chapter 11 stimulus pt2

Source 1: The Opium Wars - Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

"The Emperor of China shall accept the establishment of British consuls in the treaty ports. In addition, foreign merchants and missionaries shall enjoy full protection, and the opium trade shall remain unrestricted under British control. The territories of Hong Kong and the ports of Canton, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai shall be opened to foreign trade."

What was the primary impact of the Treaty of Tientsin on China's sovereignty?

• It reaffirmed Chinese sovereignty over all its territories while promoting free trade.

• It marked the continuation of foreign domination in Chinese economic and territorial affairs, further eroding Qing sovereignty.

• It solidified the Qing Dynasty’s ability to trade freely with European powers.

• It restored China’s imperial dignity by limiting European influence to certain ports only.

Source 1: The Opium Wars - Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

"The Emperor of China shall accept the establishment of British consuls in the treaty ports. In addition, foreign merchants and missionaries shall enjoy full protection, and the opium trade shall remain unrestricted under British control. The territories of Hong Kong and the ports of Canton, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai shall be opened to foreign trade."

How did the Treaty of Tientsin compare to the Treaty of Nanjing in its effects on China?

• Both treaties allowed China to regain full control over Hong Kong and coastal regions.

• The Treaty of Tientsin imposed more severe conditions than the Treaty of Nanjing, particularly with regard to the opium trade.

• Unlike the Treaty of Nanjing, the Treaty of Tientsin granted China control over foreign consulates.

• The Treaty of Tientsin led to China’s eventual reunification with Taiwan.

Source 1: The Opium Wars - Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

"The Emperor of China shall accept the establishment of British consuls in the treaty ports. In addition, foreign merchants and missionaries shall enjoy full protection, and the opium trade shall remain unrestricted under British control. The territories of Hong Kong and the ports of Canton, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai shall be opened to foreign trade."

The Treaty of Tientsin most closely reflects which broader trend in Chinese foreign relations during the 19th century?

• A growing resistance to Western imperialism leading to the eventual expulsion of foreign powers.

• The collapse of the Qing dynasty after a series of foreign-backed coups.

• The loss of imperial autonomy and the intensification of unequal treaties under Western pressure.

• A formal adoption of Western military technologies and governance systems.

Source 2: Sultan Selim III's Edict on Military Reform (1793)

"We must modernize our forces to face the growing threats from Europe. The janissary corps must be dissolved, and a new army trained in European tactics and with modern arms must be created. This will ensure the survival of the Empire against internal and external threats."

Sultan Selim III’s military reforms can be seen as a response to which of the following developments in Europe?

• The increasing influence of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose military tactics overshadowed traditional Ottoman practices.

• The rise of European naval dominance, particularly by the British Empire.

• The success of Russian military campaigns in the Caucasus and Eastern Europe.

• The destabilization caused by the French Revolution and the fear of internal uprisings.

Source 2: Sultan Selim III's Edict on Military Reform (1793)

"We must modernize our forces to face the growing threats from Europe. The janissary corps must be dissolved, and a new army trained in European tactics and with modern arms must be created. This will ensure the survival of the Empire against internal and external threats."

How did the military reforms under Sultan Selim III affect Ottoman society and politics?

• They successfully re-established Ottoman military dominance in Europe by incorporating new weaponry.

• The reforms were met with strong opposition from conservative factions, leading to his eventual deposition.

• The reforms were popular and led to greater support from local elites and merchants.

• They were immediately successful, leading to the conquest of Egypt and Syria.

Source 2: Sultan Selim III's Edict on Military Reform (1793)

"We must modernize our forces to face the growing threats from Europe. The janissary corps must be dissolved, and a new army trained in European tactics and with modern arms must be created. This will ensure the survival of the Empire against internal and external threats."

The failure of Sultan Selim III's military reforms was most directly linked to

• The rise of nationalist movements that wanted to dismantle the Ottoman Empire.

• The Janissary Corps’ violent resistance to change, leading to Selim’s deposition.

• The creation of an alliance with Russia that undermined the need for military reform.

• The complete failure of Ottoman military campaigns against Persia and Austria.

Source 3: Commodore Matthew Perry's Arrival in Japan (1853)

"The United States government has sent me, Commodore Perry, to extend the hand of friendship to Japan. It is in our mutual interest that Japan opens its ports to American ships and trade. The United States desires peace, but also expects reciprocal treatment for its vessels."

Commodore Perry’s arrival in Japan was part of which broader trend in global imperialism?

• The desire for Asian colonies by European powers like Britain and France.

• The growing interest of Western nations, particularly the United States, in expanding trade with East Asia.

• The establishment of Western-style democratic governments in Asia.

• The retreat of European imperialism from the Pacific in favor of Chinese dominance.

Source 3: Commodore Matthew Perry's Arrival in Japan (1853)

"The United States government has sent me, Commodore Perry, to extend the hand of friendship to Japan. It is in our mutual interest that Japan opens its ports to American ships and trade. The United States desires peace, but also expects reciprocal treatment for its vessels."

Perry’s mission to Japan is often regarded as a key moment in Japanese history because

• It led to the immediate overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor.

• It marked Japan’s forced entry into the global trading system and the beginning of its industrial revolution.

• It resulted in Japan’s complete isolation from all foreign powers for another 100 years.

• It led to the defeat of the United States in a naval war, forcing Perry to return home.

Source 3: Commodore Matthew Perry's Arrival in Japan (1853)

"The United States government has sent me, Commodore Perry, to extend the hand of friendship to Japan. It is in our mutual interest that Japan opens its ports to American ships and trade. The United States desires peace, but also expects reciprocal treatment for its vessels."

Perry’s arrival in Japan primarily resulted in which of the following?

• A treaty that allowed Japan to join the European colonial empires.

• Japan’s shift towards isolationism and rejection of Western influence.

• The eventual overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government.

• A new alliance between Japan and the United States against European powers.

Source 4: The Meiji Constitution (1889)

"We, the Emperor of Japan, have enacted this constitution to establish a government that is capable of preserving the sovereignty and dignity of the Imperial state. We recognize the necessity of adapting to modern Western systems while preserving the essence of our nation’s heritage. The state will be based on the rule of law, with an elected assembly, but ultimate power will reside in the Emperor."

The Meiji Constitution was primarily designed to

• Establish Japan as a constitutional monarchy that balanced Western political models with Japanese traditions.

• Create a system of government based entirely on Western principles, rejecting traditional Japanese governance.

• Limit the power of the Emperor in favor of a parliamentary democracy.

• Keep the samurai in power while promoting industrialization under their control.