Env. Sys. Ch. 8

After a forest has been cleared for logging, a(n) _____ may naturally develop.

• primary forest

• old-growth forest

• second-growth forest

• tree plantation

When using _____, loggers cut intermediate-aged or mature trees in a forest singly or in small groups.

• clear-cutting

• selective cutting
• strip cutting

• wholesale cutting

The cycle of deforestation typically begins with the____

• harvesting of the biggest and best trees by the loggers

• burning of unnecessary timber by ranchers

• overgrazing forested lands by cattle

• construction of logging roads deep in the forest

National parks in less developed countries -

• A. tend to have very little biodiversity

• B. have not yet been impacted by nonnative species

• C. are almost entirely unprotected by law

• D. are mainly set aside for larger animal species.

When wolves, a keystone species, disappeared from Yellowstone National Park, which of the following occurred?

• A. deer populations fell drastically

• B. scavenger species began taking over

• C. grizzly bears moved into the park

• D. coyote populations grew significantly

The main purpose of buffer zones is to -

• protect wild lands while allowing local people to use resources sustainably

• create an inner core where people can live, surrounded by a protective outer core

• provide a safe pathway for animals to migrate between reserves

• keep people from using any part of a reserve established to protect wildlife

Debt-for-nature swaps can have a positive impact by -

• enabling students from poor families to work on conservation efforts

• encouraging markets for wood that is sustainably harvested from tropical forests

• reducing the debt of the United States, freeing up money for environmental programs

• make it financially attractive and beneficial to countries to protect important ecosystems

Overgrazing can damage or destroy riparian zones, which are –

• strips of vegetation along streams or rivers

• the organic-rich, uppermost layers of soil

• fragile grassland ecosystems on the tops of steep hills

• small areas of forest that grow in the middle of grasslands

One ecosystem service grasslands do not provide is

• A. filtration of soil pollutants

• B. formation of soil

• C. control of soil erosion

• D. storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the best explanation of a life raft ecosystem?

• areas with healthy ecosystems that could help preserve neighboring ecosystems

• areas where poverty levels are high and people's efforts to survive have degraded ecosystem services

• areas where ecosystems are so degraded that many key species should be transported elsewhere to preserve them

• areas especially rich in highly endangered species that are found nowhere else