How did the Bessemer process improve manufacturing?

• It produced a dense metal that was soft and tended to rust.

• It enabled manufacturers to produce quality steel from scrap metal.

• It provided an efficient process to create a flexible, rust-resistant metal.

• It allowed manufacturers to remove oil from beneath the earth’s surface.

How did the availability of electricity affect the decision of where to locate factories?

• Business owners now had less freedom in deciding where to locate a factory.

• In order to have power, factories now had to be located near rivers or streams.

• Business owners could now consider factors such as population in their decision.

• Since travel was more expensive, factories now had to be located near where workers lived.

Which of the following factors helped lead to a period of industrial growth during the late 1800s?

• the increase in the cost of hiring labor

• the decline in the population of urban areas

• the decline in government spending for business and innovation

• the increase in the development of new uses for natural resources

How did new inventions and developments in the late 19th century change the way people worked?

• New technology led to an increase in the average workweek by roughly 10 hours.

• New developments reduced the flexibility of manufacturers to decide where to locate their plants.

• New inventions decreased the number of jobs, which made it more difficult for women to find work.

• New processes helped make it possible to make larger quantities of goods in a shorter amount of time.

What effect did Cornelius Vanderbilt have on transportation in the United States?

• He built the nation’s first transcontinental railroad.

• He improved working conditions and pay for all railroad workers.

• He linked small railroads into a larger network to improve interstate travel.

• He convinced Congress to officially adopt railroad time as the standard for the nation.

Which of the following did George Pullman provide to his workers to ensure a stable work force?

• Flexible rent payments

• well-constructed homes

• few restrictions during free time

• a relaxed environment with few rules

Why was the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 significant?

• It granted the states the right to regulate the railroads.

• It marked the first time the federal government regulated an industry.

• It stopped the railroad companies’ misuse of government land grants.

• It allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to easily regulate railroad rates.

Why did George Pullman create a town that provided for the basic needs of his workers?

• He wanted to allow workers as much freedom as possible.

• He thought it was the best way to ensure a stable workforce.

• He was more concerned with workers’ happiness than his profit.

• He wanted his town to attract visitors to create a tourism industry.

Which of the following was true of railroad workers?

• Most railroad workers were paid high wages.

• Most railroad workers were limited to an eight-hour workday.

• Railroad workers endured harsh conditions and frequent accidents.

• Immigrant railroad workers earned as much money as the other workers.

How did the growth of the railroads affect the economy?

• Growth helped lead to an increase in product specialization.

• Growth led to a decrease in the demand for natural resources.

• Growth reduced the interdependence between cities and towns.

• Growth reduced the size of cities as people left to work on farms.