Cellular Respiration Basics

What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

• It converts glucose into pyruvate.

• It uses oxygen to make about 34 ATP and releases water (H₂O) as a byproduct.

• It synthesizes proteins from amino acids.

• It breaks down fatty acids for energy.

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

• The pyruvate is converted into glucose in the cytoplasm.

• The pyruvate is moved into the mitochondrion, where it is broken down in the Krebs cycle.

• The pyruvate is stored as glycogen in the liver.

• The pyruvate is excreted as waste from the cell.

What is glycolysis?

• A process where glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen.

• A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules without oxygen.

• A method of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

• A process that occurs exclusively in the mitochondria of cells.

What factors affect the actual number of ATP produced?

• The type of cell, the number and efficiency of mitochondria, and the type of food molecule used.

• The age of the organism, the temperature of the environment, and the type of exercise performed.

• The amount of oxygen available, the pH level of the cell, and the presence of toxins.

• The size of the cell, the number of ribosomes, and the type of DNA present.

Why must chloroplasts and mitochondria work together?

• Chloroplasts produce oxygen, while mitochondria consume it.

• Chloroplasts make glucose through photosynthesis, but mitochondria break it down through cellular respiration to make the energy usable by the cell.

• Chloroplasts store energy, while mitochondria release it as heat.

• Chloroplasts are involved in protein synthesis, while mitochondria are involved in lipid metabolism.

Where does glucose go after leaving the chloroplast?

• Glucose enters the cell's cytoplasm, where cellular respiration begins.

• Glucose is stored in the chloroplast for later use.

• Glucose is converted into starch in the chloroplast.

• Glucose is transported to the vacuole for storage.

What is the Krebs cycle?

• An anaerobic process that breaks down glucose, making 4 ATP and releasing O₂ as a waste product.

• An aerobic process that breaks down pyruvate, making 2 ATP and releasing CO₂ as a waste product.

• A process that occurs in the cytoplasm and produces lactic acid.

• A series of reactions that convert fatty acids into glucose.

What happens to ATP after it is produced?

• ATP is stored indefinitely in the cell until needed.

• ATP is converted into glucose for energy storage.

• ATP exists for only seconds until the bond between the second and third phosphate is broken, leaving an ADP molecule and a lone P, releasing energy usable by the cell.

• ATP is immediately used to synthesize proteins.

How many ATP are produced and used during glycolysis?

• 2 ATP produced and 2 ATP used, net gain of 0 ATP

• 4 ATP produced and 2 ATP used, net gain of 2 ATP

• 2 ATP produced and 4 ATP used, net gain of -2 ATP

• 4 ATP produced and 4 ATP used, net gain of 0 ATP

What is the total theoretical maximum energy yield from cellular respiration?

• 30 ATP

• 32 ATP

• 38 ATP

• 40 ATP