SYMBOLIC ARGUMENTS

1. What is a symbolic argument in logic?  

• A. A mathematical equation  

• B. A structured sequence of statements leading to a conclusion  

• C. A debate using symbols  

• D. A programming language  

2. 2. Which of the following is NOT a component of a symbolic argument?

• A. Premises  

• B. Conclusion  

• C. Hypothesis

• D. Logical connectives

3. 3. What symbol represents the logical connective "AND"?

•  A. V

• B. ∧

• C. →

• D. ¬

4. Which of the following statements represents a conditional statement? 

• A. p v q

• B. p ∧ q

• C. ¬p

• D. p → q

5. If a statement is "not p," which symbol represents it?

• A. ¬

• B. ∨

• C. →

• D. ↔

6. What does the biconditional statement p ↔ q mean? 

• A. p and q are always false

•    B. p is true only when q is false  

•    C. p and q are always independent  

•   D. p is true if and only if q is true

7. Which of the following logical forms represents a valid argument?  

• A. Affirming the consequent

• B. Denying the antecedent

• C. Modus Ponens  

• D. Circular reasoning  

8. What is the logical form of Modus Ponens?  

• A. If p → q and p is true, then q is true

• B. If p → q and q is true, then p is true

• C. If p ∨ q, then p and q are both true

• D. If p ∧ q, then at least one of them is false

9. Which of the following represents an invalid argument?

• A. Modus Tollens

• B. Affirming the Consequent

• C. Law of Detachment

• • D. Hypothetical Syllogism  

10. 10. Which of the following statements best represents Modus Tollens?

• A. If p → q, and not q, then not p

• B. If p or q, then p and q are both true

• C. If p and q, then at least one of them is false

• D. If p → q, and p, then q