Which Southeast Asian countries adopted capitalist economic systems after independence?

• The Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia (after 1965)

• Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Burma

• Indonesia under Sukarno, the Philippines under Marcos, and Cambodia under Pol Pot

• All Southeast Asian countries followed a socialist model after independence

What is the key characteristic of a socialist, command economy?

• Centralised economic planning and the elimination of private property

• Complete economic freedom with no government intervention

• Focus on free trade and open markets

• Heavy reliance on foreign investment and multinational corporations

What term is used to describe the governments of capitalist Southeast Asian states that played an active role in the economy?

• Developmental states or managerial states

• Socialist welfare states

• Free-market anarchies

• Laissez-faire economies

What was the primary economic goal of socialist economies?

• Economic equity

• Maximising corporate profits

• Encouraging rapid industrial privatisation

• Reducing government intervention in businesses

Why was economic nationalism more extreme in socialist economies?

• It was often pursued at the cost of economic growth, prioritising state control over resources

• It encouraged rapid foreign investment and globalisation

• It led to complete privatisation of industries

• It encouraged local businesses to compete freely in a globalised economy

What type of businesses played a major role in Southeast Asian economies?

• Larger, family-owned businesses and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

• Only multinational corporations from the West

• Solely state-owned enterprises

• Informal street vendors with no government oversight

How did Southeast Asian governments support private businesses in their early economic development?

• By providing financial assistance, tariffs, and subsidies

• By banning all foreign investments

• By nationalising all industries and eliminating private enterprises

• By imposing high corporate taxes to limit business growth

What was a negative consequence of close state-business ties in Southeast Asia?

• Nepotism and corruption, leading to weak economic foundations

• Increased political stability and perfect economic growth

• Total elimination of poverty and wealth inequality

• Unregulated economic freedom with no government interference

What role did Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) play in Southeast Asia?

• It brought capital, employment, and technology transfer to the region

• It caused Southeast Asian economies to collapse

• It led to complete government control over all businesses

• It had no significant effect on economic growth

How did the 1985 Plaza Accord impact Southeast Asian economies?

• It led to an influx of Japanese investment, boosting economic growth

• It caused Southeast Asian economies to collapse

• It forced Southeast Asian countries to abandon foreign trade

• It resulted in the rise of socialist economies across the region