Unit 5 Geology End-of-Unit Content Assessment

Geysers, volcanoes, and hot springs all share which of the following? (p. 38, 40) (+1)

• A. They form along faults.

• B. Scientists can predict when they will erupt.

• C. They form both along plate boundaries and above hotspots.

• D. They form only along plate boundaries.

Label each of the following rock descriptions with the appropriate word: igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary.

• Sedimentary: a rock that is made of sediments that have been naturally compacted and cemented together (p. 56) Igneous: a rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies (p. 54) Metamorphic: a rock that forms when minerals in other types of rocks are altered due to extreme heat and pressure (p. 58)

• Igneous: a rock that forms from the layering of volcanic ash (p. 72) Sedimentary: a rock that forms from the transformation of existing rock types (p. 74) Metamorphic: a rock that forms from the solidification of molten rock (p. 76)

Label each of the following descriptions with the appropriate term: physical weathering, chemical weathering, or erosion.

• Erosion: a process that moves sediments to new locations (p. 66) Physical weathering: a process that breaks big rocks into smaller rocks without changing the minerals they contain (p. 63) Chemical weathering: a process that breaks down rocks by changing the minerals they contain (p. 64)

• Erosion: a process that involves the dissolution of rocks in water Physical weathering: a process that involves the melting of rocks Chemical weathering: a process that involves the freezing and thawing of water in rocks

• Erosion: a process that involves the growth of plants in rocks Physical weathering: a process that involves the oxidation of minerals Chemical weathering: a process that involves the transportation of rocks by wind

Match the item from the column on the left with the description on the right. Write the letter on the line.

• a deep-sea geyser that forms as seawater sinks down through cracks in the oceanic crust and then releases extremely hot, mineral-rich water back up through cracks in the crust

• Seamount

• a gigantic wave of seawater caused by an earthquake in oceanic crust

• Tsunami

• an underwater volcano that forms wherever magma is erupting through oceanic crust

• Hydrothermal vent

Circle the answer that best supports the following statement. The rock cycle explains the changes that occur in rocks over very long periods of time.

• Rocks are created and then destroyed in a long process that occurs slowly over time.

• Rocks are created, destroyed, and recreated in a continuous cycle.

• Weathering and erosion change rocks in a long process that occurs slowly over time.

• Rocks are solidified from sediments in a continuous cycle.

What evidence suggested that the continents’ locations were once very different than they are today?

• the same types of rocks and fossils were discovered in different parts of the world

• maps from long ago showed that the continents were once closer together

• ancient records were found describing the climate of Antarctica as being warm

• Alfred Wegener introduced the continental drift hypothesis

Which of the words in the following sentence provides the best clue as to the meaning of the word fossil? Geologists found fossils of an ancient fern in similar rock layers in Africa, India, Australia, and South America.

• geologists found

• similar rock layers

• in Africa, India, Australia, and South America

• ancient fern

Weathering is the process in which _______________; erosion is the process in which _______________.

• rocks are mixed with liquid and completely broken down; rocks are packed together tightly

• rocks are broken down into smaller pieces; sediments are moved from place to place

Match the item from the column on the left with the description on the right. Write the letter on the line.

• a crack in Earth's crust

• fault

• an underground hot spring that periodically erupts, shooting hot water and steam into the air

• volcano

• the violent shaking of the ground caused by huge blocks of rock moving along a fault

• geyser

• a hill or mountain that forms over a crack in Earth's crust from which lava erupts

• earthquake

• a very hot region deep within Earth's mantle where a huge magma chamber forms

• hotspot

Read the description and examples in each row and write the correct letter in the 'Type of Mountain' column.

• mountains formed when gigantic blocks of rock move up and down along faults. Examples: Germany's Harz Mountains; Grand Tetons in Wyoming; Basin and Range Province of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.

• fault-block mountains

• mountains generally formed when magma pushes upward into Earth's crust from the mantle and cools into igneous rock underground, causing the crust above it to bulge; usually occur as isolated mountains on otherwise flat plains. Examples: Utah's Navajo Mountain; Black Hills of South Dakota.

• dome mountains

• mountains formed when rocks are pushed up into huge folds by moving tectonic plates; often contain quite a bit of sedimentary rock. Examples: Himalayas between India and China; Alps in Europe; Appalachians of North America; Urals in Russia.

• fold mountains