China and Japan, 1912–45

Yuan Shikai's actions as the president of the Republic of China included:

• Establishing a democratic government

• Declaring himself emperor

• Promoting industrialization

• Forming alliances with Western powers

The communist tensions in Shanghai during the Northern Expedition were primarily due to:

• The alliance between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party

• The intervention of foreign powers

• The economic policies of the government

• The leadership of Chiang Kai-shek

What were some of the issues facing China during the early 1900s?

• Economic instability and foreign intervention

• Technological advancement and peace

• Isolation and prosperity

• Rapid industrialization and global leadership

How did the Opium Wars impact China’s foreign policy in the 1840’s?

• It led to the strengthening of China's foreign policy.

• It resulted in China adopting a more isolationist policy.

• It forced China to open up more ports to foreign trade.

• It had no significant impact on China's foreign policy.

The growth of the Kuomintang Party, KMT for short, can be summarized as:

• A political movement that started in the early 20th century and became the ruling party of Taiwan.

• A small regional party with limited influence outside its home province.

• A party that focused solely on economic reforms without any political agenda.

• A cultural organization with no political ambitions.

Key Question 1: What were the implications of the ‘warlord era’ which affected China from 1916–27?

• The era led to political fragmentation and regional conflicts in China.

• It resulted in the unification of China under a single government.

• The period saw significant economic growth and stability.

• It marked the beginning of China's industrial revolution.

The goals of the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1927 were:

• To unify China under the Kuomintang by ending the rule of local warlords.

• To expand the territory of China into neighboring countries.

• To establish a communist government in China.

• To negotiate peace treaties with Western powers.

After the fall of Shanghai, there were more tensions between The CCP (Communist) and the KMT (Nationalist) because:

• The CCP gained significant support from the local population.

• The KMT refused to negotiate with the CCP.

• Foreign powers intervened in favor of the CCP.

• The CCP launched a surprise attack on the KMT.

After Yuan Shikai’s death in 1916, there was a “power vacuum in China” because:

• Yuan Shikai's successors were weak and unable to maintain control.

• The Chinese economy collapsed immediately after his death.

• Foreign powers took over China completely.

• The Chinese Communist Party immediately seized power.

China disintegrated into rule by warlords because:

• the central government was weak and unable to maintain control

• foreign invasions led to the collapse of the central authority

• economic instability caused regional leaders to seize power

• all of the above