What was a precedent established by George Washington?

• running for vice president

• serving on the Supreme Court

• serving two terms as president

• being elected to the Senate

Which statement was most likely made by a Federalist during the debates over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution?

• A. "A bill of rights is necessary to protect people's liberties."

• B. "A strong central government is necessary for our country."

• C. "The states must retain their original powers."

• D. "The states must determine whether slavery will exist."

Which example best demonstrates the idea of promoting the general welfare as described in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution?

• Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• George Washington is inaugurated as the first president.

• The Constitution gives Congress the power to tax.

• James Madison writes essays supporting ratification.

Read the excerpt. The second question, whether the judges are invested with [given] exclusive authority to decide on the constitutionality of a law, has been . . . a subject of consideration with me. . . . Certainly there is not a word in the constitution which has given that power to them more than to the executive or legislative branches. —Thomas Jefferson to W. H. Torrance, 1815 Which item is associated with the decision discussed in this excerpt?

• federalism

• judicial review

• popular sovereignty

• capitalism

What was an obstacle that President Thomas Jefferson faced when making the Louisiana Purchase?

• The Constitution was unclear about whether the United States could purchase the territory.

• The purchase would violate the Northwest Ordinance's process for creating new states.

• Great Britain still held control over the majority of the area being purchased.

• The purchase would reduce the country's ability to settle boundary disputes.

The combination of resources, improved transportation, and technological breakthroughs all contributed to the ________.

• Industrial Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution

• Digital Age

• Renaissance

Which of the following factors was most responsible for the economic changes shown in the graph?

• increases in government subsidies to farmers

• increased immigration that boosted the rural labor force

• cuts in taxes that enabled farmers to buy more seed and plant more acreage

• inventions and new farming methods that allowed farmers to increase production

How did Robert Fulton's steamboat aid the economic development of the United States?

• reducing traffic in the nation's ocean harbors

• making transportation on rivers more efficient

• ending American dependence on European shipping

• serving as a method of connecting California and the East Coast

Based on the chart, what conclusions can be drawn about railroad construction in the United States?

• The steam locomotive was invented in 1830.

• Railroad construction gradually decreased after 1860.

• As the country expanded, railroads became more important.

• Increased railroad usage contributed to the start of the Civil War.

The Tariff of Abominations was strongly opposed in most of the South and led directly to the concept of nullification. Which statement below best describes nullification?

• the nation should forbid all tariffs

• a national election should decide tariff rates

• the president should not have the right to veto acts of Congress

• individual states could decide for themselves if acts of the federal government were constitutional