ADV STAAR Review #1

Match each biomolecule to the its function(s) in the cell:

• main energy source; cell wall structure

• Carbohydrates

• genetic information storage and transfer

• Nucleic Acids

• energy storage; membrane structure

• Lipids

• enzymatic functions and structural support

• Proteins

Answer explanation

You MUST know the functions of each biomolecule; review these on p.2 of your STAAR Review Book!

Which pair of statements best compares the primary functions of the carbohdyrate chitin and the protein chitinase?

• The chitin in the exoskeleton provides insulation for insects.

  The chitinase stores genetic material for insectivorous bats.

• The chitin in the exoskeleton breaks down for energy to be used by insects.

  The chitinase provides insulation for insectivorous bats.

• The chitin in the exoskeleton stores genetic material for insects.

  The chitinase provides support and protection for insectivorous bats.

• The chitin in the exoskeleton provides support and protection for insects.

  The chitinase breaks down chitin for energy to be used by insectivorous bats.

Answer explanation

insulation = lipids (fats)

"-ase" = enzyme = breaks down molecules

carbohydrates (chitin) = cell wall

Actin is a protein that helps the cell maintain its shape and polarity. It also plays a major role in muscle contraction. A table summarizing the cellular functions of different types of proteins is shown.

Based on this information, actin is most likely --

• an enzyme protein

• a structural protein

• a messenger protein

• a transport protein

Answer explanation

Read the first sentence of the question --> shape = structure

Read the second sentence of the question --> muscle = movement

Look at the table --> structural = "allow body to move"

Where should you look on a nutrition label to find the energy provided by the calories in this food? (hint: more than one answer is correct)

Answer explanation

fats = lipids = long-term energy storage

carbohydrates = quick energy storage

Scientists observe the traits of cells on four microscope slides and record their observations in a table. Based on the scientists' observations, identify the eukaryotic cells for each microscope slide in the table.

Answer explanation

Eu = more complex because they have membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, etc)

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS1-1

NGSS.MS-LS1-2

Which statement accurately compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

• Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

• Eukaryotic cells replicate faster than prokaryotic cells.

• Only prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

• Only prokaryotic cells lack outer membranes and cell walls.

Answer explanation

Pro = less complex because they lack membrane-bound organelles

A Venn diagram comparing viruses to bacteria is shown. Which traits apply to each section of the diagram?

a

b

c

d

have active metabolism

contain genetic material

utilize a capsid structure

replicate independently

Answer explanation

BOTH viruses & bacteria have DNA

Viruses CANNOT reproduce on their own

Bacteria are made of cells, not a capsid

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

A student claims that the influenza virus replicates in the air and then infects people. Which statement BEST describes the claim?

• The claim is true because viruses can infect cells without direct contact.

• The claim is true because viruses replicate within the particles of the air.

• The claim is false because viruses require host cells in order to replicate.

• The claim is false because viruses cannot survive in the air.

Answer explanation

Viruses need a HOST CELL to reproduce them!

Which statements best describe the difference between active transport and passive transport?

• Active transport occurs only in cells that require large amounts of energy.

  Passive transport occurs in all cells.

• Active transport requires ATP.

  Passive transport does not require ATP.

• Active transport moves substances along the concentration gradient.

  Passive transport moves substances against the concentration gradient.

• Active transport occurs in all cells.

  Passive transport requires ATP.

Answer explanation

Review cell transport on p. 10 of your book!

Organize these statements into the right categories:

Groups:

(a) Passive Transport

,

(b) Active Transport

• molecules move AGAINST the gradient

• molecules move from low concentration to high

• Requires the use of energy (ATP)

• molecules move from high concentration to low

• does NOT require energy

• molecules move WITH/ALONG the gradient

Answer explanation

Review Cell Transport on p. 10 of your book!