Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the transport layer?

• Process-to-process communication

• Reliable data transfer

• Routing of data packets

• Congestion control

In multiplexing and demultiplexing, which field in the transport layer header helps the receiver identify the correct application process?

• Sequence number

• Checksum

• Port number

• IP address

Which of the following is TRUE regarding UDP?

• It provides flow control.

• It guarantees in-order delivery of packets.

• It provides low-latency communication but no reliability.

• It ensures retransmission of lost packets.

What is the primary purpose of an acknowledgment (ACK) in reliable data transfer?

• To indicate that the receiver has received the data successfully

• To request retransmission of a lost packet

• To assign a sequence number to the packet

• To terminate the connection

Which congestion control mechanism is used in TCP to prevent congestion collapse?

• Fast retransmit

• Flow control

• Slow start, congestion avoidance, and fast recovery

• Round-trip time estimation

In TCP, what is the primary purpose of the three-way handshake?

• To establish a connection and agree on initial sequence numbers

• To close an existing connection gracefully

• To send data in an unreliable manner

• To avoid congestion in the network

What is the main advantage of using UDP over TCP?

• Guaranteed delivery of packets

• Lower latency and reduced overhead

• Built-in congestion control mechanisms

• Reliable transmission with retransmissions

Which of the following ensures reliable data transfer in TCP?

• Error detection using CRC

• Sequence numbers and acknowledgments

• Low latency transmission

• Use of small packet sizes

Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before passing it to ____________

• network layer

• data link layer

• application layer

• physical layer

Size of TCP segment header ranges between ___________

• 16 and 32 bytes

• 16 and 32 bits

• 20 and 60 bytes

• 20 and 60 bits