Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize what?

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

• Vitamins

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Archibald Garrod suggested that "inborn errors of metabolism" were caused by what situation?

• Genetic mutations

• Environmental factors

• Nutritional deficiencies

• Viral infections

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Describe one example Garrod used to illustrate his hypothesis.

• Garrod used the example of alkaptonuria to illustrate his hypothesis.

• Garrod used the example of phenylketonuria to illustrate his hypothesis.

• Garrod used the example of cystic fibrosis to illustrate his hypothesis.

• Garrod used the example of sickle cell anemia to illustrate his hypothesis.

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State the hypothesis formulated by George Beadle while studying eye color mutations in Drosophila.

• George Beadle hypothesized that genes are responsible for the production of enzymes that control biochemical reactions.

• George Beadle hypothesized that eye color in Drosophila is determined by environmental factors.

• George Beadle hypothesized that mutations in Drosophila are random and not linked to any specific trait.

• George Beadle hypothesized that Drosophila eye color is influenced by diet.

What strategy did Beadle and Tatum adopt to test this hypothesis?

• They used X-ray radiation to induce mutations in Neurospora.

• They cross-bred different strains of fruit flies.

• They conducted chemical analysis of proteins.

• They performed DNA sequencing.

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Which organism did Beadle and Tatum use in their research? How did this organism’s nutritional requirements facilitate this research?

• Neurospora; its simple nutritional requirements made it easy to identify mutants with specific biochemical deficiencies.

• E. coli; its complex nutritional requirements made it difficult to identify mutants.

• Drosophila; its simple nutritional requirements made it easy to identify mutants.

• Yeast; its complex nutritional requirements made it difficult to identify mutants.

How were Neurospora spores treated to increase the mutation rate?

• By exposing them to ultraviolet light

• By keeping them in a dark environment

• By providing them with extra nutrients

• By reducing their temperature

Study Figure 17.2 in your text carefully. On the following unlabeled figure, describe the technique used to identify and isolate mutant fungi.

• Using selective media

• Applying genetic markers

• Performing DNA sequencing

• Utilizing CRISPR technology

Cite two significant findings that resulted from the research of Beadle and Tatum.

• One gene-one enzyme hypothesis and the role of genes in biochemical pathways

• Discovery of DNA structure and the genetic code

• Principles of inheritance and genetic variation

• Theory of evolution and natural selection

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What revision of detail (but not of basic principle) did this hypothesis undergo as more information was gained?

• A. The hypothesis was completely discarded.

• B. The hypothesis was slightly modified.

• C. The hypothesis remained unchanged.

• D. The hypothesis was replaced with a new one.

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