A noted limitation of the Hölzel study:

• Small sample size and short duration

• Large sample size and long duration

• High dropout rate and extensive follow-up

• Diverse participant demographics and short duration

Ethical consideration in the Hassett study included:

• Ensuring animals weren’t distressed by toys

• Using only non-toxic materials for toys

• Conducting the study in a controlled environment

• Providing unlimited access to food and water

What was the main aim of Dement & Kleitman's study?

• To determine the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming

• To investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance

• To analyze the stages of sleep and their physiological effects

• To explore the impact of dreams on emotional well-being

One of the strengths of the Dement & Kleitman study was:

• Use of objective biological data from EEG

• Reliance on subjective self-reports

• Inclusion of a large sample size

• Focus on qualitative data analysis

The study design used by Dement & Kleitman was:

• Cross-sectional

• Longitudinal

• Repeated measures

• Case-control

A strength of the Hassett study was:

• Operationalized behaviors to improve reliability

• Used a large sample size for better generalizability

• Focused solely on qualitative data

• Employed a longitudinal design for in-depth analysis

What was the main aim of Hölzel et al.’s study?

• To examine brain structure changes after mindfulness training

• To analyze the effects of meditation on stress levels

• To investigate the relationship between sleep and mindfulness

• To assess the impact of mindfulness on physical health

Dement & Kleitman participants were asked to estimate dream duration after:

• 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep

• 10 or 20 minutes of REM sleep

• 1 or 3 minutes of REM sleep

• 30 or 45 minutes of REM sleep

The experimental group in Hölzel participated in:

• A 6-week Yoga and Meditation course

• An 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course

• A 10-week Cognitive Behavioral Therapy program

• A 4-week Guided Imagery workshop

Which research method did Dement & Kleitman primarily use?

• Field study

• Survey

• Laboratory experiment

• Case study