AH Organic Chemistry Reagents

Halogens with alkenes

• Makes dihaloalkanes in electrophilic addition

• Produces alkynes through nucleophilic substitution

• Forms haloalkanes via free radical addition

• Generates alkenes through electrophilic substitution

Acidified permanganate or Acidified dichromate or Hot copper(II) oxide with primary alcohols

• Makes aldehydes in oxidation

• Produces ketones in reduction

• Forms carboxylic acids in dehydration

• Generates ethers in substitution

Hydrogen + catalyst with alkenes

• Makes alkanes in electrophilic addition

• Produces alkenes in nucleophilic substitution

• Forms alkynes in oxidation

• Generates alkanes in dehydrogenation

Aluminium oxide or conc. sulfuric acid or conc. phosphoric acid with alcohols

What do these substances make?

• alkenes in elimination (dehydration)

• alkanes in addition

• ethers in substitution

• aldehydes in oxidation

Concentrated sulfuric acid with benzene

• Makes benzenesulfonic acid in electrophilic substitution

• Produces benzene sulfonate in nucleophilic substitution

• Forms benzene in oxidation

• Creates benzene sulfonic anhydride in dehydration

Ethanolic cyanide (CN⁻) with haloalkanes

• Makes alcohols in nucleophilic addition

• Makes nitriles in nucleophilic substitution

• Makes alkenes in elimination reaction

• Makes alkanes in free radical substitution

Alkali metal (e.g., Na and K) with alcohols

• Makes alkoxide ions

• Produces hydroxide ions

• Forms alkenes

• Generates alkyl halides

Haloalkane + AlCl₃ catalyst with benzene

• Makes alkylbenzene in electrophilic substitution

• Produces alkene in nucleophilic addition

• Forms aromatic compound in oxidation

• Generates alkyl halide in substitution reaction

Carboxylic acid with alcohol and conc. sulfuric or phosphoric acids as catalyst

• Makes esters in condensation (esterification)

• Produces aldehydes in oxidation

• Forms ketones in reduction

• Generates amides in substitution

Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH₄) with aldehydes

• Makes primary alcohols in reduction

• Produces ketones in oxidation

• Forms secondary alcohols in reduction

• Generates carboxylic acids in oxidation