Hard Reading Comp PT 4-7

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As exemplified by Sakha songs about local ecosystems and Kaluli songs about rainforest sounds, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure—a finding that demonstrates that _____ 

Which choice most logically completes the text?  

• A. the clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwaka'wakw people in the past likely were a different species than the clams found in those areas today.

• B. the Kwakwaka'wakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of clam gardens in songs if their efforts had not produced significantly larger clams.

• C. representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining characteristic of the music of certain Indigenous peoples.

• D. effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the ecological knowledge preserved in Indigenous songs.

Scholars cite One Hundred Years of Solitude, the 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez, as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices—often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of Indigenous and colonial societies in the Americas—are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Olga Tokarczuk, whose 1996 novel Primeval and Other Times resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore—namely, that of Poland.  

Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in the underlined portion of the text?  

• A. “Like many works in the Latin American magical realist tradition, Primeval and Other Times is indebted to antirealistic elements in the folkloric tradition of Poland.”

• B. “The logic of the realistic plot of Primeval and Other Times is repeatedly and productively disrupted by the presence of imagery and situations drawn from Polish folklore.”

• C. “While Primeval and Other Times alternates between realistic and antirealistic modes of representation, details suggesting the influence of Polish folklore nevertheless occur throughout the novel.”

• D. “Although Polish folklore clearly informs the style and occasionally antirealistic plot of Primeval and Other Times, the novel also shows the inarguable influence of the magical realist tradition of Latin America.”

The utilization of deceptive antipredator displays is well documented in the little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius) and other species of the avian order Charadriiformes. An extensive literature review conducted by Léna de Framond et al. revealed that this trait has evolved across a surprisingly large phylogenetic distribution of 13 Aves orders, including Caprimulgiformes and Gruiformes. Subsequent investigation of potential selection mechanisms prompted the researchers to conclude that independent of avian order, the prevalence of the trait is mediated by environmental variations associated with the absolute latitude of brooding sites.  

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the researchers’ conclusion?

• A. Across the orders in the study, approximately 54% of the bird species brood in ranges from 50° to 80° absolute latitude, but most of the birds that are known to use deceptive antipredator displays brood between 0° and 30° absolute latitude.

• B. Deceptive antipredator displays are documented in Charadriiformes species across the entire range of absolute latitudes of brooding sites within that order, but in species from other orders, deceptive antipredator displays are documented only when brooding sites are at absolute latitudes 10°–20° higher than what is typical for those species.

• C. The use of deceptive antipredator displays is widespread among Charadriiformes species independent of the absolute latitude of their breeding sites, but its prevalence in other avian orders is limited to species with brooding sites located in absolute latitudes of 0°–30°.

• D. Across the orders in the study, deceptive antipredator displays are observed in approximately 34% of species with brooding ranges of 0°–30° absolute latitude and approximately 60% of species with brooding ranges of 50°–80° absolute latitude.

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