BIOL340 FINALS

Pentoses are significant in cells because

• They are the sugar component of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides. 

  
  

• They are the sugar monomers that polymerize into glycogen in animals or starch in plants 

• They are part of the R groups of amino acids. 

• They are added to glycerol to make triacylglycerides. 

Condensation reactions

• Result in break down of biological macromolecules into their building block precursors

• energy of activations that are always larger than hydrolysis reactions 

• Yield water molecules as one of the products. 

• Lead to release of Gibbs free energy. 

As proteins move from primary structure to quaternary structure,

• They are becoming denatured. 

• They are reducing the disulfide bonds between their cysteine residues. 

• They are decreasing their Gibbs free energy. 

• They are forming new peptide bonds. 

Enzymes

• Are required only in endothermic, +∆G reactions. 

• Are required only in exothermic, -∆G reactions. 

• Lower the energy of activation, but do not change the direction of a reaction. 

• Can replace the need for ATP-coupling in biological reactions. 

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-2

NGSS.HS-PS1-5

A experimental model system:

• Refers to structural models of the biological macromolecules. 

• Is an open system which exchanges Gibbs free energy with its surrounding. 

• Is an organism that can be experimentally studied instead of a more complicated organism. 

• Is a term used for viruses because they are not considered alive. 

A phospholipid bilayer is stabilized by:

• Hydrogen bonds between triacylglycerides. 

• Hydrophobic interactions between triacylglycerides and polar interactions with water. 

• Hydrogen bonds between diacylglycerides. 

• Hydrophobic interactions between diacylglycerides and polar interactions with water. 

ATP Coupling Involves

• Covalent linkage of an ATP molecule to reactants to drive endothermic reactions. 

• Covalent linkage of RNA macromolecules to reactants to drive endothermic reactions. 

• Covalent linkage of a phosphate to reactants to drive endothermic reactions. 

• Hydrogen bonding of Adenine with Thymine to drive endothermic reactions. 

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

Molecular chaperones are proteins that play a role

• In denaturation of folded proteins 

• In the proper folding of other proteins 

• In the formation of peptide bonds during condensation reaction 

• In lowering Activation Energy. 

A protein domain

• Is a disorganized region of a protein. 

• Directs interactions with other proteins but not enzymatic function of the protein. 

• Is a region of protein that aids in its own folding and is then removed. 

• Is a discrete folded region that directs the specific function(s) of a protein. 

For a protein found in the plasma membrane, which amino acid is most likely to be positioned in the fatty acid core of the phospholipid bilayer?

• A.  Negatively charged aspartic acid because the fatty acid core is positively charged 

•  B.  Hydrophobic amino acids like phenylalanine since fatty acid membrane core is hydrophobic. 

•  C. Cysteine because it forms disulfide bonds with the fatty acid membrane core. 

•   D. Positively charged arginine because the fatty acid membrane core is negatively charged.