AP Chem Vocab (F-Z)

galvanic cell

• A device that converts electrical energy into chemical energy

• A device that converts chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy

• A device used to store electrical energy for later use

• A device that generates heat from chemical reactions

law of definite proportions

• a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass

• the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a chemical reaction

• the properties of a compound are different from the properties of its constituent elements

• the ratio of the masses of elements in a compound can vary depending on the source

hydrophobic

• nonpolar/water hating

• nonpolar/water hating

• soluble in water

• attracted to water

precipitate

• A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

• A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

• A liquid that evaporates during a chemical reaction.

• A color change that occurs during a chemical reaction.

quantum mechanical model

• the modern description of the behavior of electrons in atoms

• a theory that describes the motion of planets

• a model used to explain classical mechanics

• a framework for understanding chemical reactions

London dispersion forces

• The intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant (and random) motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles

• The forces that hold atoms together in a molecule

• The attractive forces between molecules that are due to permanent dipoles

• The repulsive forces that occur when two atoms are very close to each other

pure substance

• A sample of matter with varying composition and properties

• A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has a uniform composition and definite properties

• A mixture of two or more substances that retain their individual properties

• A sample of matter that can be separated into simpler substances by physical means

photons

• A type of electromagnetic wave that travels at the speed of light.

• A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

• A particle that carries a negative charge in an atom.

• A form of energy that can be converted into mass.

second order

• 1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]0; rate is proportional to [A]^2

• 1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]0; rate is proportional to [A]

• 1/[A]t = kt; rate is proportional to [A]^2

• [A]t = kt + [A]0; rate is proportional to [A]^2

hybridization

• the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals

• the process of separating atomic orbitals into distinct energy levels

• the combination of different elements to form a compound

• the arrangement of electrons in a single atomic orbital