Vowels and consonants

According to the variation in the height of the raised part of the tongue vowels are divided into:

• close/mid/open

• narrow/broad

• front/front retracted/central/backa--advanced/back

According to the position of the bulk of the tongue vowels are divided into:

• close/mid/open

• narrow/broad

• front/front retracted/central/backa--advanced/back

According to the height of the raised part of the tongue vowels are divided into:

• front/front retracted/central/backa--advanced/back

• close/mid/open

• narrow/broad

According to the type of obstruction consonants are divided into

• labial/lingual

• apical/cacuminal

• constrictive/occlusive

According to the active speech organ consonants are divided into:

• labial/lingual

• constrictive/occlusive

• noise/sonorants

According to the manner of the production of noise consonants are divided into:

• constrictive/occlusive

• noise/median/lateral

• plosive/affricates/sonoranta/fricatives

According to the position of the bulk of the tongue sounds /i:, e, eɪ, æ/ are:

• front

• front-retracted

• central

• back-advanced

• back

According to the position of the bulk of the tongue sounds /ɜ:, əʊ, ə, ʌ / are:

• front

• front-retracted

• central

• back-advanced

• back

According to the variation in the height of the raised part of the tongue sounds /ɪə, ʊa/ are

• narrow

• broad

According to the height of the raised part of the tongue sounds /ɑ:, aɪ, ɒ/ are:

• close

• mid open

• open