Unit 2B: Memory and Intelligence

Which type of memory involves conscious recollection of specific facts and events?

• Implicit Memory

• Explicit Memory

• Procedural Memory

• Prospective Memory

Answer explanation

Explicit Memory involves the conscious recollection of specific facts and events, distinguishing it from Implicit Memory, which is unconscious, and Procedural Memory, which relates to skills. Prospective Memory is about future intentions.

What is the main function of the central executive in the working memory model?

• Storing visual information

• Coordinating and controlling attention and information processing

• Rehearsing auditory information

• Encoding long-term memories

Answer explanation

The central executive is responsible for coordinating and controlling attention and information processing, making it essential for managing tasks and integrating information in working memory.

Which memory system is responsible for holding sensory information for a very brief period?

• Short-term memory

• Long-term memory

• Sensory memory

• Working memory

Answer explanation

Sensory memory is the memory system that holds sensory information for a very brief period, typically less than a second. It allows us to retain impressions of sensory stimuli after the original stimuli have ended.

The method of loci is an example of which type of memory aid?

• Chunking

• Mnemonic device

• Hierarchy

• Spacing effect

Answer explanation

The method of loci is a mnemonic device that uses visualization to enhance memory by associating information with specific locations. This technique helps in recalling information more effectively.

Which effect explains why people tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items?

• Spacing effect

• Serial position effect

• Chunking effect

• Hierarchy effect

Answer explanation

The serial position effect explains that people are more likely to remember the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list, while the middle items are often forgotten.

What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

• Maintenance rehearsal involves deep processing; elaborative rehearsal involves shallow processing.

• Maintenance rehearsal is repeating information; elaborative rehearsal involves making connections to existing knowledge.

• Both involve only rote memorization.

• Both are types of implicit memory.

Answer explanation

Maintenance rehearsal is simply repeating information to keep it in short-term memory, while elaborative rehearsal involves connecting new information to existing knowledge, enhancing understanding and retention.

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to form new memories after a brain injury?

• Retrograde amnesia

• Anterograde amnesia

• Infantile amnesia

• Source amnesia

Answer explanation

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories following a brain injury, while retrograde amnesia affects memories formed before the injury. Thus, the correct answer is anterograde amnesia.

What is the process of getting information out of memory storage called?

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

• Consolidation

Answer explanation

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called retrieval. It involves accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness, distinguishing it from encoding, storage, and consolidation.

Which phenomenon describes improved memory performance when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding?

• State-dependent memory

• Context-dependent memory

• Mood-congruent memory

• Testing effect

Answer explanation

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where recall is improved when the environment during retrieval matches the environment during encoding, making it the correct choice for this question.

What does the forgetting curve, as described by Ebbinghaus, illustrate?

• Memory improves over time

• Memory loss is slow and steady

• Memory loss is rapid at first, then levels off

• Memory is never forgotten

Answer explanation

The forgetting curve, as described by Ebbinghaus, shows that memory loss occurs rapidly at first, then levels off over time. This illustrates how we forget information quickly initially, but the rate of forgetting decreases.