Final Review Quiz

What makes phonemes functionally important in language?

• They represent meaningful gestures

• They are the smallest units that change word meaning

• They define how words are spelled

• They regulate sentence grammar

What does the BOLD signal in fMRI reflect?

• The emotional content of thought

• Real-time electrical activity

• Changes in oxygen levels associated with neural activity

• Reflexive behavior

How does language acquisition differ from language learning?

• Acquisition involves formal instruction, learning does not

• Learning is unconscious and natural, acquisition is deliberate

• Acquisition happens without explicit teaching; learning requires effort and awareness

• They are essentially the same process

Which interpretation of Ockham’s Razor best aligns with scientific reasoning?

• The theory with the broadest predictions should be favored

• Explanations that include every possibility are best

• More complex explanations are more thorough

• The explanation with the fewest unnecessary assumptions is preferred

Which advantage does EEG offer?

• Excellent temporal resolution to track fast brain changes

• Precise blood flow tracking

• Ability to pinpoint emotion centers

• High spatial resolution of brain regions

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) allows to:

• Read brainwave patterns during sleep

• Measure blood flow to the visual cortex

• Cure memory disorders through magnetic therapy

• Temporarily excite or inhibit specific brain regions

Which of the following best illustrates the functionalist view of the mind using the software-hardware analogy?

• The mind operates only if the hardware (brain) is biological.

• The brain runs mental processes in the same way every time, like a factory line.

• The mind is a byproduct of the hardware and cannot be separated from it.

• The brain is like hardware, and the mind is like software—what matters is the program's function, not the machine it's running on.

What makes the “hard problem” of consciousness distinct from easy problems?

• It asks why subjective experiences arise from physical processes

• It focuses on the causes of brain injuries

• It concerns how the brain stores sensory data

• It’s easier to study with neuroimaging

What is the primary implication of the multiple realization problem?

• Different physical systems can support the same mental state

• Only humans have true mental experiences

• Language is required for cognition

• Thoughts are identical across all intelligent systems

Which term describes the brain forming new synaptic connections?

• Synaptogenesis

• Neurodegeneration

• Pruning

• Neuronal adaptation