Identify and describe the hardware and communication elements of contemporary computer systems and how they are connected.

• Hardware elements include CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices; communication elements include buses and network interfaces, all connected via system buses and network connections.

• Hardware elements include only software programs; communication elements are not required in modern systems.

• Only the CPU and monitor are considered hardware; communication elements are obsolete.

• Hardware and communication elements are not connected in contemporary systems.

Identify and describe the main components of contemporary computer architecture, including Von Neumann architectures.

• CPU, Memory, Input/Output devices, Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit

• Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer

• Operating System, Application Software, Utility Programs

• Hard Disk, CD-ROM, USB Drive, Floppy Disk

Different types of memory and caching include:

• RAM, ROM, CPU cache, and disk cache

• Only RAM and ROM

• Only CPU cache and disk cache

• Only hard disk memory

Describe and explain parallel processing.

• Parallel processing is the simultaneous use of multiple processors to perform computational tasks faster.

• Parallel processing is the use of a single processor to perform tasks sequentially.

• Parallel processing is the process of storing data in multiple locations.

• Parallel processing is the method of compressing data for storage.

The fetch-execute cycle describes how data can be read from RAM into registers. Which of the following best describes this process?

• The CPU fetches an instruction from RAM, decodes it, and executes it, moving data into registers as needed.

• Data is permanently stored in registers and never moves to or from RAM.

• The fetch-execute cycle only involves the ALU and does not interact with RAM.

• Registers fetch data directly from secondary storage without using RAM.

Describe the use of contemporary methods and their associated devices for input and output.

• Contemporary methods use advanced devices for efficient data input and output.

• Contemporary methods avoid using any devices for input and output.

• Contemporary methods only use manual devices for input and output.

• Contemporary methods are not related to input and output devices.

Explain the use of these methods and devices in contemporary computer systems and their suitability in different situations.

• They are used for data processing and storage, and their suitability depends on the specific requirements of speed, capacity, and cost.

• They are only used for gaming purposes in modern systems.

• They are obsolete and not used in any current computer systems.

• They are only suitable for mobile devices.

Compare the functional characteristics of contemporary secondary storage devices.

• They differ in speed, capacity, durability, and cost.

• They all have the same speed and capacity.

• They are only used for temporary storage.

• They are obsolete and rarely used.

Explain fragmentation and its consequences and describe the need for defragmentation.

• Fragmentation leads to inefficient use of storage and slower system performance, and defragmentation is needed to reorganize data for optimal access.

• Fragmentation improves storage efficiency and increases system speed, so defragmentation is not necessary.

• Fragmentation has no impact on system performance, and defragmentation is only for aesthetics.

• Fragmentation only affects network speed, and defragmentation is used to increase internet bandwidth.

Networks are systems that ______ to communicate with each other.

• connect devices

• store data

• run applications

• create graphics