What does judicial review allow the Supreme Court to do?

• Create new laws if Congress fails to act

• Overturn presidential decisions

• Resolve disputes between political parties

• Decide if laws passed by Congress are constitutional

How long did John Marshall serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

• 44 Years

• 34 Years

• 24 Years

• 14 Years

How did political participation in the United States compare to the rest of the world at the time?

• More people participated in politics in the U.S. than anywhere else.

• It was less common than in European democracies.

• Only landowners could participate, like most other nations.

• Women and minorities had greater participation than in other countries.

Why were John Adams’ judicial appointments called “midnight judges”?

• They were announced during midnight court sessions.

• They were made at the very end of Adams' presidency.

• They were appointed to serve temporary terms only.

• They were secretly added without Congressional approval.

What was the political affiliation of the judges appointed by Adams before leaving office?

• Whigs

• Anti-Federalist

• Republicans

• Federalist

In which landmark case did the Supreme Court establish its power of judicial review?

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Cohen v. New York

• McCulloch v. Maryland

• Marbury v. Madison

What event led to the case of Marbury v. Madison?

• A dispute over the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase.

• The establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.

• President Jefferson’s refusal to deliver judicial appointments made by Adams.

• A conflict between the president and Congress over war powers.

What role did Chief Justice John Marshall play in the early United States government?

• He expanded the powers of the executive branch.

• He elevated the Supreme Court to an equal branch of government.

• He led efforts to acquire new territories for the U.S.

• He negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with France.

What was the main purpose of the Second Bank of the United States?

• To handle all monetary transactions for the federal government.

• To issue loans to farmers and small businesses.

• To regulate state-chartered banks.

• To manage foreign trade for the federal government.

Why is McCulloch v. Maryland considered a landmark case in U.S. history?

• It marked the first use of the Commerce Clause to regulate state economies.

• It limited the federal government’s ability to regulate state affairs.

• It established the principle of federal supremacy over the states.

• It was the first case to define the Tenth Amendment’s protections.