IB Psychology Cognitive Approach

Which definition best describes the term 'reconstructive memory'?

• Misleading information that can cause inaccuracies in recall of events.

• Information about an event provided after the event already occurred.

• A form of retrieval that involves identifying an object as previously seen.

• Memory is an active process of recreation of past events.

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb provided the highest estimate of speed?

• Collided

• Smashed

• Hit

• Bumped

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, what percentage (%) of participants given the 'hit' verb said yes to the question about broken glass?

• 4%

• 14%

• 24%

• 34%

'The tendency to focus on information that supports a pre-existing belief' is an example of...?

• Cognitive Bias

• Framing Effect

• Confirmation Bias

• Heuristics

What was the aim of Bahrick et al's (1975) study?

• Investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect an eyewitness's estimation of speed

• Investigate whether verbal post-event information can be integrated with visual information

• Investigate whether eyewitness accounts get distorted as a function of misleading post-event information

• Investigate the reliability of autobiographical memory over time

Which theory/concept was being tested by Brown and Kulik (1977)?

• Flashbulb Memory

• Leading Questions

• Schema Theory

• Neural Mechanisms in Memory

Which of the following is NOT a valid limitation of Flashbulb Memory Theory?

• There are cultural differences that indicate that rehearsal may play the most important role

• It is impossible to verify the accuracy of memories

• It is not supported by any biological evidence

• It is not possible to measure one's emotional state at the time of an event

In relation to the dual process model, what would be the effect of increased emotion on decision making?

• Increase our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 easy

• Decrease our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 easy

• Increase our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 difficult

• Decrease our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 difficult

What is The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1994)?

• A lack of somatic markers (biological determinants of emotions) will have a negative effect on decision making

• An abundance of somatic markers (biological determinants of emotions) will have a negative effect on decision making

• A lack of somatic markers (biological determinants of emotions) will have a positive effect on decision making

• Emotion has little to no effect on decision making in humans

Sharot et al (2007) examined the role of Flashbulb Memory on the memories of which significant event?

• Boston Marathon Bombing

• London Subway Bombing

• The Moon Landing

• Terrorist Attacks on September 11th